第 3 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  true   are  the   very  same    as  the  men    whom   their    compatriots    know    as
  husbands or fathers or friends; but they are judged differently because they
  are judged on different data。 And so it is with those who view the capitalist
  from     the   standpoint    of   the  revolutionary     wage…earner:      they   appear
  inconceivably  cynical   and   misjudging   to   the   capitalist;   because the   facts
  upon which their view is based are facts which he either does not know or
  habitually ignores。 Yet the view from the outside is just as true as the view
  from the inside。 Both are necessary to the complete truth; and the Socialist;
  who emphasizes the outside view; is not a cynic; but merely the friend of
  the wage…earners; maddened by the spectacle of the needless misery which
  capitalism inflicts upon them。
  I have placed these general reflections at the beginning of our study; in
  order to make it clear to the reader that; whatever bitterness and hate may
  be found in the movements which we are to examine; it is not bitterness or
  hate; but love; that is their mainspring。 It is difficult not to hate those who
  torture the objects of our love。 Though difficult; it is not impossible; but it
  requires a breadth of outlook and a comprehensiveness of understanding
  which     are  not  easy   to  preserve    amid   a  desperate    contest。   If  ultimate
  wisdom has not always been preserved by Socialists and Anarchists; they
  have not differed in this from their opponents; and in the source of their
  inspiration they have shown themselves superior to those who acquiesce
  ignorantly   or    supinely   in  the  injustices   and   oppressions   by   which    the
  existing system is preserved。
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  PART I
  HISTORICAL
  CHAPTER I
  MARX AND SOCIALIST DOCTRINE
  SOCIALISM; like  everything   else   that   is vital;  is   rather  a  tendency
  than a strictly definable body of doctrine。 A definition of Socialism is sure
  either to include some views which many would regard as not Socialistic;
  or to exclude others which claim to be included。 But I think we shall come
  nearest   to   the   essence   of   Socialism   by   defining   it   as   the   advocacy   of
  communal        ownership     of  land   and   capital。  Communal       ownership      may
  mean   ownership   by   a   democratic   State;   but   cannot   be   held   to   include
  ownership   by   any   State   which   is   not   democratic。   Communal   ownership
  may also be understood; as Anarchist Communism understands it; in the
  sense   of   ownership   by   the   free   association   of   the   men   and   women   in   a
  community       without    those   compulsory      powers     which    are  necessary     to
  constitute a State。 Some Socialists expect communal ownership to arrive
  suddenly and completely by a catastrophic revolution; while others expect
  it   to   come   gradually;   first   in   one   industry;   then   in   another。   Some   insist
  upon the necessity of completeness in the acquisition of land and capital
  by  the   public;   while   others   would   be   content   to   see   lingering   islands   of
  private   ownership;      provided   they   were   not    too  extensive    or  powerful。
  What all forms have in common is democracy and the abolition; virtual or
  complete;      of  the  present    capitalistic   system。    The   distinction    between
  Socialists;    Anarchists     and   Syndicalists    turns   largely  upon    the  kind   of
  democracy       which     they   desire。   Orthodox     Socialists    are   content    with
  parliamentary   democracy   in   the   sphere   of   government;   holding   that   the
  evils apparent in this form of constitution at present would disappear with
  the disappearance of capitalism。 Anarchists and Syndicalists; on the other
  hand; object to the whole parliamentary machinery; and aim at a different
  method of regulating the political affairs of the community。 But all alike
  are   democratic   in   the   sense   that   they   aim   at   abolishing   every   kind   of
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  privilege and every kind of artificial inequality: all alike are champions of
  the wage… earner in existing society。 All three also have much in common
  in their economic doctrine。 All three regard capital and the wages system
  as   a   means   of   exploiting   the   laborer   in   the   interests   of   the   possessing
  classes; and hold that communal ownership; in one form or another; is the
  only     means     of   bringing     freedom      to  the   producers。      But    within    the
  framework of this common doctrine there are many divergences; and even
  among      those    who    are   strictly  to  be   called   Socialists;    there   is  a  very
  considerable diversity of schools。
  Socialism as a power in Europe may be said to begin with Marx。 It is
  true that before his time there were Socialist theories; both in England and
  in   France。   It   is   also   true   that   in   France;   during   the   revolution   of   1848;
  Socialism for a brief period acquired considerable influence in the State。
  But    the   Socialists    who    preceded      Marx    tended     to  indulge    in  Utopian
  dreams and failed to found any strong or stable political party。 To Marx; in
  collaboration with Engels; are due both the formulation of a coherent body
  of Socialist doctrine; sufficiently true or plausible to dominate the minds
  of vast numbers of men; and the formation of the International   Socialist
  movement;        which     has   continued      to  grow     in   all  European      countries
  throughout the last fifty years。
  In   order    to   understand     Marx's     doctrine;    it  is  necessary     to   know
  something   of   the   influences   which   formed   his   outlook。   He   was   born   in
  1818 at Treves in the Rhine Provinces; his father being a legal official; a
  Jew who had nominally accepted Christianity。 Marx studied jurisprudence;
  philosophy; political economy and history at various German universities。
  In   philosophy   he   imbibed   the   doctrines   of   Hegel;   who   was   then   at   the
  height     of  his   fame;    and   something      of   these   doctrines     dominated      his
  thought throughout his life。 Like Hegel; he saw in history the development
  of   an   Idea。   He   conceived   the   changes   in   the   world   as   forming   a   logical
  development; in which one phase passes by revolution into another; which
  is   its   antithesisa   conception     which     gave   to   his   views   a   certain  hard
  abstractness;      and   a   belief   in  revolution     rather   than   evolution。     But   of
  Hegel's more definite doctrines Marx retained nothing after his youth。 He
  was   recognized   as   a   brilliant   student;   and   might   have   had   a   prosperous
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  career   as   a   professor   or   an   official;   but   his   interest   in   politics   and   his
  Radical      views    led  him   into    more    arduous     paths。   Already     in  1842     he
  became   editor   of   a   newspaper;   which   was   suppressed   by   the   Prussian
  Government         early   in   the  following      year   on   account     of   its  advanced
  opinions。   This   led   Marx   to   go   to   Paris;   where   he   became   known   as   a
  Socialist and acquired a knowledge of his French predecessors。'1' Here in
  the   year   1844   began   his   lifelong   friendship   with   Engels;   who   had   been
  hitherto in business in Manchester; where he had become acquainted with
  English Socialism and had in the main adopted its doctrines。'2' In   1845
  Marx was expelled from Paris and went with Engels to live in Brussels。
  There he formed a German Working Men's Association and edited a paper
  which      was   their   organ。    Through      his  activities   in   Brussels    he   became
  known   to   the   German   Communist   League   in   Paris;   who;   at   the   end   of
  1847;   invited   him   and   Engels   to   draw   up   for   them   a   manifesto;   which
  appeared in January; 1848。 This is the famous ‘‘Communist Manifesto;'' in
  which      for  the   first  time   Marx's     system    is  set  forth。   It  appeared     at  a
  fortunate moment。 In the following month; February; the revolution broke
  out in Paris; and in March it spread to Ge