第 26 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  d importance; demand admission into the  political society; religious or solemn marriage; a voice in the  government; and the faculty of holding civil and military offices;  was only in the order of regular development。  At first the  patricians fought them; and; failing to subdue them by force;  effected a compromise; and bought up their leaders。  The  concession which followed of the tribunitial veto was only a  further development。  By that veto the plebeians gained no  initiative; no positive power; indeed; but their tribunes; by  interposing it; could stop the proceedings of the government。   They could not propose the measures they liked; but they could  prevent the legal adoption of measures they dislikeda faculty  Mr。 Calhoun asserted for the several States of the American Union  in his doctrine of nullification; or State veto; as he called it。   It was simply an obstructive power。
  But from a power to obstruct legislative action to the power to  originate or propose it; and force the senate to adopt it through  fear of the veto of measures the patricians had at heart; was  only a still further development。  This gained; the exclusively  patrician constitution had disappeared; and Marius; the head of a  great plebeian house; could be elected consul  169                                               and the plebeians  in turn threaten to become predominant; which Sylla or Sulla; as  dictator; seeing; tried in vain to prevent。  The dictator was  provided for in the original constitution。  Retain the  dictatorship for a time; strengthen the plebeian element by  ruthless proscriptions of patricians and by recruits from the  provinces; unite the tribunitial; pontifical; and military powers  in the imperator designated by the army; all elements existing in  the constitution from an early day; and already developed in the  Roman state; and you have the imperial constitution; which  retained to the last the senate and consuls; though with less and  less practical power。  These changes are very great; but are none  of them radical; dating from the recognition of the plebs as  pertaining to the Roman people。  They are normal developments;  not corruptions; and the transition from the consular republic to  the imperial was unquestionably a real social and political  progress。  And yet the Roman people; had they chosen; could have  given a different direction to the developments of their  constitution。  There was Providence in the course of events; but  no fatalism。
  Sulla was a true patrician; a blind partisan of the past。  He  sought to arrest the plebeian development led by Marius; and to  restore the 170             exclusively patrician government。  But it was too late。   His proscriptions; confiscations; butcheries; unheard…of cruelties  which anticipated and surpassed those of the French Revolution of  1793; availed nothing。  The Marian or plebeian movement;  apparently checked for a moment; resumed its march with renewed  vigor under Julius; and triumphed at Pharsalia。  In vain Cicero;  only accidentally associated with the patrician party; which  distrusted himin vain Cicero declaims; Cato scolds; or parades  his impractical virtues; Brutus and Cassius seize the assassin's  dagger; and strike to the earth 〃the foremost man of all the  world;〃 the plebeian cause moves on with resistless force;  triumphs anew at Philippi; and young Octavius avenges the murder  of his uncle; and proves to the world that the assassination of a  ruler is a blunder as well as a crime。  In vain does Mark Antony  desert the movement; rally Egypt and the barbaric East; and seek  to transfer the seat of empire from the Tiber to the banks of the  Nile or the Orontes; plebeian and imperial Rome wins a final  victory at Actium; and definitively secures the empire of the  civilized world to the West。
  Thus far the developments were normal; and advanced civilization。   But Rome still retained  171                         the barbaric element of slavery in her  bosom; and had conquered more barbaric nations than she had  assimilated。  These nations she at first governed as tributary  states; with their own constitutions and national chiefs;  afterwards as Roman provinces; by her own proconsuls and prefects。   When the emperors threw open the gates of the city to the  provincials; and conceded them the rights and privileges of Roman  citizens; they introduced not only a foreign element into the  state; destitute of Roman patriotism; but the barbaric and  despotic elements retained by the conquered nations as yet only  partially assimilated。  These elements became germs of  anti…republican developments; rather of corruptions; and prepared  the downfall of the empire。  Doubtless these corruptions might  have been arrested; and would have been; if Roman patriotism had  survived the changes effected in the Roman population by the  concession of Roman citizenship to provincials; but it did not;  and they were favored as time went on by the emperors themselves;  and more especially by Dioclesian; a real barbarian; who hated  Rome; and by Constantine; surnamed the Great; a real despot; who  converted the empire from a republican to a despotic empire。   Rome fell from the force of barba… 172                                  rism developed from within; far  more than from the force of the barbarians hovering on her  frontiers and invading her provinces。
  The law of all possible developments is in the providential or  congenital constitution; but these possible developments are many  and various; and the reason and free…will of the nation as well  as of individuals are operative in determining which of them  shall be adopted。  The nation; under the direction of wise and  able statesmen who understood their age and country; who knew how  to discern between normal developments and barbaric corruptions;  placed at the head of affairs in season; might have saved Rome  from her fate; eliminated the barbaric and assimilated the  foreign elements; and preserved Rome as a Christian and  republican empire to this day; and saved the civilized world from  the ten centuries of barbarism which followed her conquest by the  barbarians of the North。  But it rarely happens that the real  statesmen of a nation are placed at the head of affairs。
  Rome did not fall in consequence of the strength of her external  enemies; nor through the corruption of private morals and manners;  which was never greater than under the first Triumvirate。  She  fell from the want of true  173                            statesmanship in her public men; and  patriotism in her people。  Private virtues and private vices are  of the last consequence to individuals; both here and hereafter;  but private virtues never saved; private vices never ruined a  nation。  Edward the Confessor was a saint; and yet be prepared  the way for the Norman conquest of England; and France owes  infinitely less to St。 Louis than to Louis XI。; Richelieu; and  Napoleon; who; though no saints; were statesmen。  What is  specially needed in statesmen is public spirit; intelligence;  foresight; broad views; manly feelings; wisdom; energy;  resolution; and when statesmen with these qualities are placed at  the head of affairs; the state; if not already lost; can; however  far gone it may be; be recovered; restored; reinvigorated;  advanced; and private vice and corruption disappear in the  splendor of public virtue。  Providence is always present in the  affairs of nations; but not to work miracles to counteract the  natural effects of the ignorance; ineptness; short…sightedness;  narrow views; public stupidity; and imbecility of rulers; because  they are irreproachable and saintly in their private characters  and relations; as was Henry VI。 of England; or; in some respects;  Louis XVI。 of France。  Providence is God intervening through 174                                                              the  laws he by his creative act gives to creatures; not their  suspension or abrogation。  It was the corruption of the  statesmen; in substituting the barbaric element for the proper  Roman; to which no one contributed more than Constantine; the  first Christian emperor; that was the real cause of the downfall  of Rome; and the centuries of barbarism that followed; relieved  only by the superhuman zeal and charity of the church to save  souls and restore civilization。
  But in the constitution of the government; as distinguished from  the state; the nation is freer and more truly sovereign。  The  constitution of the state is that which gives to the people of a  given territory political existence; unity; and individuality;  and renders it capable of political action。  It creates political  or national solidarity; in imitation of the solidarity of the  race; in which it has its root。  It is the providential charter  of national existence; and that which gives to each nation its  peculiar character; and distinguishes it from every other nation。   The constitution of government is the constitution by the  sovereign authority of the nation of an agency or ministry for  the management of its affairs; and the letter of instructions  according to which the agent or minister is to 175                                                act and conduct  t