第 25 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  ar more liberty for the people;  and a far greater security for person and property; except in the  case of the feudal nobles themselves; than was even dreamed of  while the feudal regime was in full vigor。  Nobles were  themselves free; it is conceded; but not the people。  The king  was too weak; too restricted in his action by the feudal  constitution to reach them; and the higher clergy were ex officio  sovereigns; princes; barons; or feudal lords; and were led by  their private interests to act with the feudal nobility; save  when that nobility threatened the temporalities of the church。   The only reliance; under God; left in feudal times to the poor  people was in the lower ranks of the clergy; especially of the  regular clergy。  All the great German emperors in the twelfth and 161 thirteenth centuries; who saw the evils of feudalism; and  attempted to break it up and revive imperial Rome; became  involved in quarrels with the chiefs of the religious society;  and failed; because the interest of the Popes; as feudal  sovereigns and Italian princes; and the interests of the  dignified clergy; were for the time bound up with the feudal  society; though their Roman culture and civilization made them at  heart hostile to it。  The student of history; however strong his  filial affection towards the visible head of the church; cannot  help admiring the grandeur of the political views of Frederic the  Second; the greatest and last of the Hohenstaufen; or refrain  from dropping a tear over his sad failure。  He had great faults  as a man; but he had rare genius as a statesman; and it is some  consolation to know that he died a Christian death; in charity  with all men; after having received the last sacraments of his  religion。
  The Popes; under the circumstances; were no doubt justified in  the policy they pursued; for the Swabian emperors failed to  respect the acknowledged rights of the church; and to remember  their own incompetency in spirituals; but evidently their  political views and aims were liberal; far…reaching; and worthy  of admiration。 162                 Their success; if it could have been effected  without lesion to the church; would have set Europe forward some  two or three hundred years; and probably saved it from the  schisms of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries。  But it is  easy to be wise after the event。  The fact is; that during the  period when feudalism was in full vigor; the king was merely a  shadow; the people found their only consolation in religion; and  their chief protectors in the monks; who mingled with them; saw  their sufferings; and sympathized with them; consoled them;  carried their cause to the castle before the feudal lord and  lady; and did; thank God; do something to keep alive religious  sentiments and convictions in the bosom of the feudal society  itself。  Whatever opinions may be formed of the monastic orders  in relation to the present; this much is certain; that they were  the chief civilizers of Europe; and the chief agents in  delivering European society from feudal barbarism。
  The aristocracy have been claimed as the natural allies of the  throne; but history proves them to be its natural enemies;  whenever it cannot be used in their service; and kings do not  consent to be their ministers and to do their bidding。  A  political aristocracy has at heart 163                                    only the interests of its  order; and pursues no line of policy but the extension or  preservation of its privileges。  Having little to gain and much  to lose; it opposes every political change that would either  strengthen the crown or elevate the people。  The nobility in the  French Revolution were the first to desert both the king and the  kingdom; and kings have always found their readiest and firmest  allies in the people。  The people in Europe have no such bitter  feelings towards royalty as they have towards the feudal  nobilityfor kings have never so grievously oppressed them。  In  Rome the patrician order opposed alike the emperor and the  people; except when they; as chivalric nobles sometimes will do;  turned courtiers or demagogues。  They were the people of Rome and  the provinces that sustained the emperors; and they were the  emperors who sustained the people; and gave to the provincials  the privileges of Roman citizens。
  Guaranties against excessive centralism are certainly needed; but  the statesman will not seek them in the feudal organization of  societyin a political aristocracy; whether founded on birth or  private wealth; nor in a privileged class of any sort。  Better  trust Caesar than Brutus; or even Cato。  Nor will he seek them 164                                                                in  the antagonism of interests intended to neutralize or balance  each other; as in the English constitution。  This was the great  error of Mr。 Calhoun。  No man saw more clearly than Mr。 Calhoun  the utter worthlessness of simple paper constitutions; on which  Mr。 Jefferson placed such implicit reliance; or that the real  constitution is in the state itself; in the manner in which the  people themselves are organized; but his reliance was in  constituting; as powers in the state; the several popular  interests that exist; and pitting them against each otherthe  famous system of checks and balances of English states men。  He  was led to this; because be distrusted power; and was more  intention guarding against its abuses than on providing for its  free; vigorous; and healthy action; going on the principle that  〃that is the best government which governs least。〃 But; if the  opposing interests could be made to balance one another perfectly;  the result would be an equilibrium; in which power would be  brought to a stand…still; and if not; the stronger would succeed  and swallow up all the rest。  The theory of checks and balances  is admirable if the object be to trammel power; and to have as  little power in the government as possible; but it is a theory  which is born from passions engendered by the struggle against 165 despotism or arbitrary power; not from a calm and philosophical  appreciation of government itself。  The English have not  succeeded in establishing their theory; for; after all; their  constitution does not work so well as they pretend。  The landed  interest controls at one time; and the mercantile and  manufacturing interest at another。  They do not perfectly balance  one another; and it is not difficult to see that the mercantile  and manufacturing interest; combined with the moneyed interest;  is henceforth to predominate。  The aim of the real statesman is  to organize all the interests and forces of the state  dialectically; so that they shall unite to add to its strength;  and work together harmoniously for the common good。
  166 CHAPTER VIII。
  CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT…CONCLUDED。
  Though the constitution of the people is congenital; like the  constitution of an individual; and cannot be radically changed  without the destruction of the state; it must not be supposed  that it is wholly withdrawn from the action of the reason and  free…will of the nation; nor from that of individual statesmen。   All created things are subject to the law of development; and may  be developed either in a good sense or in a bad; that is; may be  either completed or corrupted。  All the possibilities of the  national constitution are given originally in the birth of the  nation; as all the possibilities of mankind were given in the  first man。  The germ must be given in the original constitution。   But in all constitutions there is more than one element; and the  several elements maybe developed pari passu; or unequally; one  having the ascendency and suppressing the rest。  In the original  constitution of Rome the patrician ele… 167                                       ment was dominant; showing  that the patriarchal organization of society still retained no  little force。  The king was only the presiding officer of the  senate and the leader of the army in war。  His civil functions  corresponded very nearly to those of a mayor of the city of New  York; where all the effective power is in the aldermen; common  council; and heads of departments。  Except in name he was little  else than a pageant。  The kings; no doubt; labored to develop and  extend the royal element of the constitution。  This was natural;  and it was equally natural that they should be resisted by the  patricians。  Hence when the Tarquins; or Etruscan dynasty;  undertook to be kings in fact as well as in name; and seemed  likely to succeed; the patricians expelled them; and supplied  their place by two consuls annually elected。  Here was a  modification; but no real change of the constitution。  The  effective Power; as before; remained in the senate。
  But there was from early times a plebeian element in the  population of the city; though forming at first no part of the  political people。  Their origin is not very certain; nor their  original position in the city。 Historians give different  accounts of them。  But that they should; as they increased in  numbers; wealth;  168                  and importance; demand admission into the  political society; religious or solemn marriage; a voice in