第 4 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  were beginning to assert the  absolute God…given right of the majority to govern。  All the  changes made in the bosom of the States themselves have consisted  in removing all obstacles to the irresponsible will of the  majority; leaving minorities and individuals at their mercy。   This tendency to a centralized democracy had more to do with  provoking secession and rebellion than the anti…slavery  sentiments of the Northern; Central; and Western States。
  The failure of secession and the triumph of the National cause;  in spite of the short…sightedness and blundering of the  Administration; have proved the vitality and strength of the  national constitution; and the greatness of the American people。   They say nothing for or against the democratic theory of our  demagogues; but every thing in favor of the American system or  constitution of government; which has found a firmer support in  American instincts than in American statesmanship。  In spite of  all that had been done by theorists; radicals; and revolutionists;  no…government men; non…resistants; humanitarians; and sickly  sentimentalists to corrupt the American people in mind; heart;  and body; the native vigor of their national constitution has  enabled them to come forth  12                            triumphant from the trial。  Every  American patriot has reason to be proud of his country…men; and  every American lover of freedom to be satisfied with the  institutions of his country。  But there is danger that the  politicians and demagogues will ascribe the merit; not to the  real and living national constitution; but to their miserable  theories of that constitution; and labor to aggravate the several  evils and corrupt tendencies which caused the rebellion it has  cost so much to suppress。  What is now wanted is; that the people;  whose instincts are right; should understand the American  constitution as it is; and so understand it as to render it  impossible for political theorists; no matter of what school or  party; to deceive them again as to its real import; or induce  them to depart from it in their political action。
  A work written with temper; without passion or sectional  prejudice; in a philosophical spirit; explaining to the American  people their own national constitution; and the mutual relations  of the General government and the State governments; cannot; at  this important crisis in our affairs; be inopportune; and; if  properly executed; can hardly fail to be of real service。  Such a  work is now attemptedwould it were by another and abler hand 13 which; imperfect as it is; may at least offer some useful  suggestions; give a right direction to political thought;  although it should fail to satisfy the mind of the reader。
  This much the author may say; in favor of his own work; that it  sets forth no theory of government in general; or of the United  States in particular。  The author is not a monarchist; an  aristocrat; a democrat; a feudalist; nor an advocate of what are  called mixed governments like the English; at least for his own  country; but is simply an American; devoted to the real; living;  and energizing constitution of the American republic as it is;  not as some may fancy it might be; or are striving to make it。   It is; in his judgment; what it ought to be; and he has no other  ambition than to present it as it is to the understanding and  love of his countrymen。
  Perhaps simple artistic unity and propriety would require the  author to commence his essay directly with the United States; but  while the constitution of the United States is original and  peculiar; the government of the United States has necessarily  something in common with all legitimate governments; and he has  thought it best to precede his discussion of the American  republic; its constitution; tenden… 14                                   cies; and destiny; by some  considerations on government in general。  He does this because he  believes; whether rightly or not; that while the American people  have received from Providence a most truly profound and admirable  system of government; they are more or less infected with the  false theories of government which have been broached during the  last two centuries。  In attempting to realize these theories;  they have already provoked or rendered practicable a rebellion  which has seriously threatened the national existence; and come  very near putting an end to the American order of civilization  itself。  These theories have received already a shock in the  minds of all serious and thinking men; but the men who think are  in every nation a small minority; and it is necessary to give  these theories a public refutation; and bring back those who do  not think; as well as those who do; from the world of dreams to  the world of reality。  It is hoped; therefore; that any apparent  want of artistic unity or symmetry in the essay will be pardoned  for the sake of the end the author has had in view。
  CHAPTER II。
  GOVERNMENT。
  Man is a dependent being; and neither does nor can suffice for  himself。  He lives not in himself; but lives and moves and has  his being in God。  He exists; develops; and fulfils his existence  only by communion with God; through which he participates of the  divine being and life。  He communes with God through the divine  creative act and the Incarnation of the Word; through his kind;  and through the material world。  Communion with God through  Creation and Incarnation is religion; distinctively taken; which  binds man to God as his first cause; and carries him onward to  God as his final cause; communion through the material world is  expressed by the word property; and communion with God through  humanity is society。  Religion; society; property; are the three  terms that embrace the whole of man's life; and express the  essential means and conditions of his existence; his development;  and his perfec… 16                tion; or the fulfilment of his existence; the  attainment of the end for which he is created。
  Though society; or the communion of man with his Maker through  his kind; is not all that man needs in order to live; to grow;  to actualize the possibilities of his nature; and to attain to  his beatitude; since humanity is neither God nor the material  universe; it is yet a necessary and essential condition of his  life; his progress; and the completion of his existence。  He is  born and lives in society; and can be born and live nowhere else。   It is one of the necessities of his nature。  〃God saw that it was  not good for man to be alone。〃  Hence; wherever man is found he  is found in society; living in more or less strict intercourse  with his kind。
  But society never does and never can exist without government of  some sort。  As society is a necessity of man's nature; so is  government a necessity of society。  The simplest form of society  is the familyAdam and Eve。  But though Adam and Eve are in many  respects equal; and have equally important though different parts  assigned them; one or the other must be head and governor; or  they cannot form the society called family。  They would be simply  two individuals of different sexes; and the family would fail for  the want of unity。
  17 Children cannot be reared; trained; or educated without some  degree of family government; of some authority to direct;  control; restrain; or prescribe。  Hence the authority of the  husband and father is recognized by the common consent of  mankind。  Still more apparent is the necessity of government the  moment the family develops and grows into the tribe; and the  tribe into the nation。  Hence no nation exists without  government; and we never find a savage tribe; however low or  degraded; that does not assert somewhere in the father; in the  elders; or in the tribe itself; the rude outlines or the faint  reminiscences of some sort of government; with authority to  demand obedience and to punish the refractory。  Hence; as man is  nowhere found out of society; so nowhere is society found without  government。
  Government is necessary: but let it be remarked by the way; that  its necessity does not grow exclusively or chiefly out of the  fact that the human race by sin has fallen from its primitive  integrity; or original righteousness。  The fall asserted by  Christian theology; though often misinterpreted; and its effects  underrated or exaggerated; is a fact too sadly confirmed by  individual experience and universal history; but it is not the  cause why government is neces… 18                              sary; though it may be an additional  reason for demanding it。  Government would have been necessary if  man had not sinned; and it is needed for the good as well as for  the bad。  The law was promulgated in the Garden; while man  retained his innocence and remained in the integrity of his  nature。  It exists in heaven as well as on earth; and in heaven  in its perfection。  Its office is not purely repressive; to  restrain violence; to redress wrongs; and to punish the  transgressor。  It has something more to do than to restrict our  natural liberty; curb our passions; and maintain justice between  man and man。  Its office is positive as well as negative。  It is  needed to render eff