more　convenient　for　any　merchant　to　pay　for　the　goods　which　his
  correspondents　had　sold　to　him　in　some　other　sort　of　goods　which
  he　might　happen　to　deal　in　than　in　money。　Such　a　merchant　would
  have　no　occasion　to　keep　any　part　of　his　stock　by　him　unemployed；
  and　in　ready　money；　for　answering　occasional　demands。　He　could
  have；　at　all　times；　a　larger　quantity　of　goods　in　his　shop　or
  warehouse；　and　he　could　deal　to　a　greater　extent。　But　it　seldom
  happens　to　be　convenient　for　all　the　correspondents　of　a　merchant
  to　receive　payment　for　the　goods　which　they　sell　to　him　in　goods
  of　some　other　kind　which　he　happens　to　deal　in。　The　British
  merchants　who　trade　to　Virginia　and　Maryland　happen　to　be　a
  particular　set　of　correspondents；　to　whom　it　is　more　convenient
  to　receive　payment　for　the　goods　which　they　sell　to　those
  colonies　in　tobacco　than　in　gold　and　silver。　They　expect　to　make
  a　profit　by　the　sale　of　the　tobacco。　They　could　make　none　by　that
  of　the　gold　and　silver。　Gold　and　silver；　therefore；　very　seldom
  appear　in　the　commerce　between　Great　Britain　and　the　tobacco
  colonies。　Maryland　and　Virginia　have　as　little　occasion　for　those
  metals　in　their　foreign　as　in　their　domestic　commerce。　They　are
  said；　accordingly；　to　have　less　gold　and　silver　money　than　any
  other　colonies　in　America。　They　are　reckoned；　however；　as
  thriving；　and　consequently　as　rich；　as　any　of　their　neighbours。
  In　the　northern　colonies；　Pennsylvania；　New　York；　New
  Jersey；　the　four　governments　of　New　England；　etc。；　the　value　of
  their　own　produce　which　they　export　to　Great　Britain　is　not　equal
  to　that　of　the　manufactures　which　they　import　for　their　own　use；
  and　for　that　of　some　of　the　other　colonies　to　which　they　are　the
  carriers。　A　balance；　therefore；　must　be　paid　to　the　mother
  country　in　gold　and　silver；　and　this　balance　they　generally　find。
  In　the　sugar　colonies　the　value　of　the　produce　annually
  exported　to　Great　Britain　is　much　greater　than　that　of　all　the
  goods　imported　from　thence。　If　the　sugar　and　rum　annually　sent　to
  the　mother　country　were　paid　for　in　those　colonies；　Great　Britain
  would　be　obliged　to　send　out　every　year　a　very　large　balance　in
  money；　and　the　trade　to　the　West　Indies　would；　by　a　certain
  species　of　politicians；　be　considered　as　extremely
  disadvantageous。　But　it　so　happens　that　many　of　the　principal
  proprietors　of　the　sugar　plantations　reside　in　Great　Britain。
  Their　rents　are　remitted　to　them　in　sugar　and　rum；　the　produce　of
  their　estates。　The　sugar　and　rum　which　the　West　India　merchants
  purchase　in　those　colonies　upon　their　own　account　are　not　equal
  in　value　to　the　goods　which　they　annually　sell　there。　A　balance；
  therefore；　must　necessarily　be　paid　to　them　in　gold　and　silver；
  and　this　balance；　too；　is　generally　found。
  The　difficulty　and　irregularity　of　payment　from　the
  different　colonies　to　Great　Britain　have　not　been　at　all　in
  proportion　to　the　greatness　or　smallness　of　the　balances　which
  were　respectively　due　from　them。　Payments　have　in　general　been
  more　regular　from　the　northern　than　from　the　tobacco　colonies；
  though　the　former　have　generally　paid　a　pretty　large　balance　in
  money；　while　the　latter　have　either　paid　no　balance；　or　a　much
  smaller　one。　The　difficulty　of　getting　payment　from　our　different
  sugar　colonies　has　been　greater　or　less　in　proportion；　not　so
  much　to　the　extent　of　the　balances　respectively　due　from　them；　as
  to　the　quantity　of　uncultivated　land　which　they　contained；　that
  is；　to　the　greater　or　smaller　temptation　which　the　planters　have
  been　under　of　overtrading；　or　of　undertaking　the　settlement　and
  plantation　of　greater　quantities　of　waste　land　than　suited　the
  extent　of　their　capitals。　The　returns　from　the　great　island　of
  Jamaica；　where　there　is　still　much　uncultivated　land；　have；　upon
  this　account；　been　in　general　more　irregular　and　uncertain　than
  those　from　the　smaller　islands　of　Barbadoes；　Antigua；　and　St。
  Christophers；　which　have　for　these　many　years　been　completely
  cultivated；　and　have；　upon　that　account；　afforded　less　field　for
  the　speculations　of　the　planter。　The　new　acquisitions　of　Grenada；
  Tobago；　St。　Vincents；　and　Dominica　have　opened　a　new　field　for
  speculations　of　this　kind；　and　the　returns　from　those　islands
  have　of　late　been　as　irregular　and　uncertain　as　those　from　the
  great　island　of　Jamaica。
  It　is　not；　therefore；　the　poverty　of　the　colonies　which
  occasions；　in　the　greater　part　of　them；　the　present　scarcity　of
  gold　and　silver　money。　Their　great　demand　for　active　and
  productive　stock　makes　it　convenient　for　them　to　have　as　little
  dead　stock　as　possible；　and　disposes　them　upon　that　account　to
  content　themselves　with　a　cheaper　though　less　commodious
  instrument　of　commerce　than　gold　and　silver。　They　are　thereby
  enabled　to　convert　the　value　of　that　gold　and　silver　into　the
  instruments　of　trade；　into　the　materials　of　clothing；　into
  household　furniture；　and　into　the　ironwork　necessary　for　building
  and　extending　their　settlements　and　plantations。　In　those
  branches　of　business　which　cannot　be　transacted　without　gold　and
  silver　money；　it　appears　that　they　can　always　find　the　necessary
  quantity　of　those　metals；　and　if　they　frequently　do　not　find　it；
  their　failure　is　generally　the　effect；　not　of　their　necessary
  poverty；　but　of　their　unnecessary　and　excessive　enterprise。　It　is
  not　because　they　are　poor　that　their　payments　are　irregular　and
  uncertain；　but　because　they　are　too　eager　to　become　excessively
  rich。　Though　all　that　part　of　the　produce　of　the　colony　taxes
  which　was　over　and　above　what　was　necessary　for　defraying　the
  expense　of　their　own　civil　and　military　establishments　were　to　be
  remitted　to　Great　Britain　in　gold　and　silver；　the　colonies　have
  abundantly　wherewithal　to　purchase　the　requisite　quantity　of
  those　metals。　They　would　in　this　case　be　obliged；　indeed；　to
  exchange　a　part　of　their　surplus　produce；　with　which　they　now
  purchase　active　and　productive　stock；　for　dead　stock。　In
  transacting　their　domestic　business　they　would　be　obliged　to
  employ　a　costly　instead　of　a　cheap　instrument　of　commerce；　and
  the　expense　of　purchasing　this　costly　instrument　might　damp
  somewhat　the　vivacity　and　ardour　of　their　excessive　enterprise　in
  the　improvement　of　land。　It　might　not；　however；　be　necessary　to
  remit　any　part　of　the　American　revenue　in　gold　and　silver。　It
  might　be　remitted　in　bills　drawn　upon　and　accepted　by　particular
  merchants　or　companies　in　Great　Britain　to　whom　a　part　of　the
  surplus　produce　of　America　had　been　consigned；　who　would　pay　into
  the　treasury　the　American　revenue　in　money；　after　having
  themselves　received　the　value　of　it　in　goods；　and　the　whole
  business　might　frequently　be　transacted　without　exporting　a
  single　ounce　of　gold　or　silver　from　America。
  It　is　not　contrary　to　justice　that　both　Ireland　and　America
  should　contribute　towards　the　discharge　of　the　public　debt　of
  Great　Britain。　That　debt　has　been　contracted　in　support　of　the
  government　established　by　the　Revolution；　a　government　to　which
  the　Protestants　of　Ireland　owe；　not　only　the　whole　authority
  which　they　at　present　enjoy　in　their　own　country；　but　every
  security　which　they　possess　for　their　liberty；　their　property；
  and　their　religion；　a　government　to　which　several　of　the　colonies
  of　America　owe　their　present　charters；　and　consequently　their
  present　constitution；　and　to　which　all　the　colonies　of　America
  owe　the　liberty；　security；　and　property　which　they　have　ever
  since　enjoyed。　That　public　debt　has　been　contracted　in　the
  defence；　not　of　Great　Britain　alone；　but　of　all　the　different
  provinces　of　the　empire；　the　immense　debt　contracted　in　the　late
  war　in　particular；　and　a　great　part　of　that　contracted　in　the　war
  before；　were　both　properly　contracted　in　defence　of　America。
  By　a　union　with　Great　Britain；　Ireland　would　gain；　besides
  the　freedom　of　trade；　other　advantages　much　more　important；　and
  which　would　much　more　than　compensate　any　increase　of　taxes　that
  might　accompany　that　union。　By　the　union　with　England　the
  middling　and　inferior　ranks　of　people　in　Scotland　gained　a
  complete　deliverance　from　the　power　of　an　aristocracy　which　had
  always　before　oppressed　them。　By　a　union　with　Great　Britain　the
  greater　part　of　the　people　of　all　ranks　in　Ireland　would　gain　an
  equally　complete　deliverance　from　a　much　more　oppressive
  aristocracy；　an　aristocracy　not　founded；　like　that　of　Scotland；
  in　the　natural　and　respectable　distinctions　of　birth　and　fortune；
  but　in　the　most　odious　of　all　distinctions；　those　of　religious
  and　political　prejudices；　distinctions　which；　more　than　any
  other；　animate　both　the　insolence　of　the　oppressors　and　the
  hatred　and　indignation　of　the　oppressed；　and　which　commonly
  render　the　inhabitants　of　the　same　country　more　hostile　to　one
  another　than　those　of　different　countries　ever　are。　Without　a
  union　with　Great　Britain　the　inhabitants　of　Ireland　are　not
  likely　for　many　ages　to　consider　themselves　as　one　people