第 36 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:36      字数:9322
  the   engine;   pilot   and   passengers;   of   the   petrol;   aeronautical   instruments;
  and planes; so that the aeroplane is built in such a manner that when the
  engine     stops;   and   the   nose   of  the   machine     is  turned   downwards;       the
  aeroplane of its own accord takes up its gliding angle and glides to earth。
  Gliding angles vary in different machines。 If the angle is one in twelve;
  this would mean that if the glide wave commenced at a height of 1 mile;
  and   continued in   a straight   line;   the  pilot   would   come   to   earth   12   miles
  distant。 We are all familiar with the gradients shown on railways。 There we
  see   displayed     on   short   sign…posts   such    notices   as   〃1  in  50〃;   with   the
  opposite   arms      of  the   post  pointing    upwards   and      downwards。      This;   of
  course; means that the slope of the railway at that particular place is 1 foot
  in a distance of 50 feet。
  One   in   twelve   may   be   described   as   the   natural   gradient   which   the
  machine   automatically   makes   when   engine   power   is   cut   off。   It   will   be
  evident why it is safer for a pilot to fly; say; at four or five thousand feet
  high than just over the tree…tops or the chimney…pots of towns。 Suppose;
  for example;   the   machine has   a gliding angle   of one in   twelve;   and   that
  when at an altitude of about a mile the engine should stop。 We will assume
  that at the time of the stoppage the pilot is over a forest where it is quite
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  impossible to land。 Directly the engine stopped he would change the angle
  of the elevating plane; so that the aeroplane   would naturally fall into its
  gliding   angle。   The   craft   would   at   once   settle   itself   into   a   forward   and
  slightly downward glide; and the airman; from his point of vantage; would
  be able to see the extent of the forest。 We will assume that the aeroplane is
  gliding     in  a   northerly    direction;    and    that  the   country     is  almost    as
  unfavourable   for   landing   there   as   over   the   forest   itself。   In   fact;   we   will
  imagine      an   extreme     case;    where    the   airman     is  over    country     quite
  unsuitable for landing except toward the south; that is; exactly opposite to
  the   direction   in   which   he   starts   to   glide。   Fortunately;   there   is   no   reason
  why he should not steer his machine right round in the air; even though the
  only power is that derived from the force of gravity。 His descent would be
  in an immense slope; extending 10 or 12 miles from the place where the
  engine stopped working。 He would therefore be able to choose a suitable
  landing…place and reach earth quite safely。
  But supposing the airman to be flying about a hundred yards above the
  forest…an     occurrence     not   likely   to  happen    with   a   skilled  airman;     who
  would probably take an altitude of nearly a mile。 Almost before he could
  have time to alter his elevating plane; and certainly long before he could
  reach open ground; he would be on the tree…tops。
  It is thought that in the near future air…craft will; be fitted with two or
  more motors; so that when one fails the other will keep the machine on its
  course。 This   has been   found necessary  in   Zeppelin   air…ships。  In   an   early
  Zeppelin model; which was provided with one engine only; the insufficient
  power caused the pilot to descend on unfavourable ground; and his vessel
  was wrecked。 More recent types of Zeppelins are fitted with three or four
  engines。 Experiments have already been made with the dual…engine plant
  for aeroplanes; notably by Messrs。 Short Brothers; of Rochester; and the
  tests have given every satisfaction。
  There   is   little   doubt   that   if   the   large   passenger   aeroplane   is   made
  possible;     and    if  parliamentary      powers     have    to  be   obtained     for   the
  formation of companies for passenger traffic by aeroplane; it will be made
  compulsory   to   fit   machines   with   two   or   more   engines;   driving   three   or
  four distinct propellers。 One of the engines would possibly be of inferior
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  power; and used only in cases of emergency。
  Still another cause of accident; which in some cases has proved fatal;
  is the taking of unnecessary risks when in the air。 This has happened more
  in   America   and   in   France   than   in   Great   Britain。   An   airman   may   have
  performed   a   very  difficult   and   daring   feat   at some   flying   exhibition   and
  the papers belauded his courage。 A rival airman; not wishing to be outdone
  in skill or courage; immediately tries either to repeat the performance or to
  perform an even more difficult evolution。 The result may very well end in
  disaster; and
  FAMOUS AIRMAN KILLED
  is seen on most of the newspaper bills。
  The daring of some of our professional airmen is notorious。 There is
  one particular pilot; whose name is frequently before us; whom I have in
  mind   when   writing   this   chapter。   On   several   occasions   I   have   seen   him
  flying over densely…packed crowds; at a height of about two hundred feet
  or   so。   With   out   the   slightest   warning   he   would   make   a   very   sharp   and
  almost vertical dive。 The spectators; thinking that something very serious
  had happened; would scatter in all directions; only to see the pilot right his
  machine and jokingly wave his hand to them。 One trembles to think what
  would have been the result if the machine had crashed to earth; as it might
  very easily have done。 It is interesting to relate that the risks taken by this
  pilot; both with regard to the spectators and himself; formed the subject of
  comment;   and;   for   the   future;   flying   over   the   spectators'   heads   has   been
  strictly forbidden。
  From   1909   to   1913   about   130   airmen   lost   their   lives   in   Germany;
  France; America; and the British Isles; and of this number the British loss
  was     between     thirty  and   forty。  Strange     to  say;  nearly   all  the   German
  fatalities    have   taken    place   in   air…ships;   which     were   for   some    years
  considered much safer than the heavier…than…air machine。
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  CHAPTER XLVIII Some Technical Terms used by
  Aviators
  Though this book cannot pretend to go deeply into the technical side
  of   aviation;   there   are   certain   terms   and   expressions   in   everyday   use   by
  aviators that it is well to know and understand。
  First; as to the machines themselves。 You are now able to distinguish a
  monoplane from a biplane; and you have been told the difference between
  a TRACTOR biplane and a PROPELLER biplane。 In the former type the
  screw is in front of the pilot; in the latter it is to the rear of the pilot's seat。
  Reference      has   been   previously    made     to  the  FUSELAGE;         SKIDS;
  AILERONS;          WARPING         CONTROLS;           ELEVATING          PLANES;       and
  RUDDER  of   the  various   forms   of   air…craft。 We   have   also   spoken   of   the
  GLIDING ANGLE   of   a   machine。   Frequently  a   pilot   makes   his   machine
  dive at a much steeper gradient than is given by its natural gliding angle。
  When the fall is about one in six the glide is known as a VOL PLANE; if
  the descent is made almost vertically it is called a VOL PIQUE。
  In some cases a PANCAKE descent is made。 This is caused by such a
  decrease of speed that the aeroplane; though still moving forward; begins
  to   drop   downwards。   When   the   pilot   finds   that   this   is   taking   place;   he
  points the nose of his machine at a much steeper angle; and so reaches his
  normal flying   speed;   and   is   able to   effect   a   safe   landing。   If   he   were too
  near   the   earth   he   would   not   be   able   to   make   this   sharp   dive;   and   the
  probability      is  that  the   aeroplane     would     come     down     flat;  with   the
  possibility of a damaged chassis。 It is considered faulty piloting to make a
  pancake descent where there is ample landing space; in certain restricted
  areas; however; it is quite necessary to land in this way。
  A far more dangerous occurrence is the SIDE…SLIP。 Watch a pilot vol…
  planing to earth from a great height with his engine shut off。 The propeller
  rotates in an irregular manner; sometimes stopping al