第 30 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:36      字数:9322
  these letters he bewails the fact that one after another of his batteries is put
  out   of   action   owing   to   the   perfect   〃spotting〃   of   the   British   airmen;   and
  arrives at the sad conclusion that Germany has lost her superiority in the
  air。
  An account has already been given of the skill and prowess of Captain
  Ball。 On his own countand he was not the type of man to exaggerate his
  prowesshe found he had destroyed fifty machines; although actually he
  got the credit for forty…one。 This slight discrepancy may be explained by
  the   scrupulous   care   which   is   taken   to   check   the   official   returns。 The   air
  fighter;    though     morally     certain   of   the  destruction     of   a  certain   enemy
  aeroplane;   has   to   bring   independent   witnesses   to   substantiate   his   claim;
  and   when   out   〃on   his   own〃   this   is   no   easy   matter。   Without   this   check;
  though   occasionally   it   acts   harshly   towards   the   pilot;   there   might   be   a
  tendency       to   exaggerate       enemy      losses;    owing     to   the    difficulty    of
  distinguishing between an aeroplane put out of action and one the pilot of
  which takes a sensational 〃nose dive〃 to get out of danger。
  One of the most striking illustrations of the growth of the aeroplane as
  a fighting force is afforded by the great increase in the heights at which
  they    could     scout;   take    photographs;      and    fight。   In  Sir   John    French's
  dispatches   mention   is   made   of   bomb…dropping   from   3000   feet。   In   these
  days the aerial battleground has been extended to anything up to 20;000
  feet。 Indeed; so brisk has been the duel between gun and aeroplane; that
  nowadays airmen have often to seek the other margin of safety; and can
  defy   the   anti…aircraft   guns   only   by   flying   so   low   as   just   to   escape   the
  ground。 The   general   armament   of   a   〃fighter〃   consists   of   a   maxim  firing
  through the propeller; and a Lewis gun at the rear on a revolving gun…ring。
  It is pleasant to record that the Allies kept well ahead of the enemy in
  their use of aerial photography。 Before a great offensive some thousands
  of    photographs      had    to  be   taken    of  enemy      dispositions     by   means     of
  cameras built into the aeroplanes。
  Plates were found to stand the rough usage better than films; and not
  for the first time in the history of mechanics the man beat the machine; a
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  skilful   operator   being   found   superior   to   the   ingenious   automatic   plate…
  fillers which had been devised。
  The      counter…measure         to   this    ruthless    exposure       of   plans     was
  camouflage。 As if by magic…tents; huts; dumps; guns began; as it were; to
  sink into the scenery。 The magicians were men skilled in the use of brush
  and   paint…pot;   and   several   leading   figures   in   the   world   of   art   lent   their
  services      to  the   military    authorities     as  directors    of   this   campaign      of
  concealment。 In this connection it is interesting to note that both Admiralty
  and War Office took measures to record the pictorial side of the Great War。
  Special   commissions   were given   to   a   notable band   of   artists   working   in
  their   different   〃lines〃。   An   abiding   record   of   the   great   struggle   will   be
  afforded   by  the   black…and…white   work of   Muirhead   Bone;  James   M'Bey;
  and   Charles   Pears;   the   portraits;   landscapes;   and   seascapes   of   Sir   John
  Lavery;     Philip    Connard;     Norman       Wilkinson;     and    Augustus      John;   who
  received his commission from the Canadian Government。
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  CHAPTER XL The Atmosphere and the Barometer
  For   the   discovery   of   how   to   find   the   atmospheric   pressure   we   are
  indebted to an Italian named Torricelli; a pupil of Galileo; who carried out
  numerous experiments on the atmosphere toward the close of the sixteenth
  century。
  Torricelli argued that; as air is a fluid; if it had weight it could be made
  to balance another fluid of known weight。 In his experiments he found that
  if a glass tube about 3 feet in length; open at one end only; and filled with
  mercury; were placed vertically with the open end submerged in a cup of
  mercury; some of the mercury in the tube descended into the cup; leaving
  a column of mercury about 30 inches in height in the tube。 From this   it
  was deduced that the pressure of air on the surface of the mercury in the
  cup   forced   it   up   the   tube   to   the   height   Of   30   inches;   and   this   was   so
  because   the   weight   of   a   column   of   air   from   the   cup   to   the   top   of   the
  atmosphere   was   only  equal   to   that   of   a   column   of   mercury  of   the   same
  base and 30 inches high。
  Torricelli's experiment can be easily repeated。 Take a glass tube about
  3   feet   long;   closed   at   one   end   and   open   at   the   other;   fill   it   as   full   as
  possible with mercury。 Then close the open end with the thumb; and invert
  the   tube   in   a   basin   of   mercury   so   that   the   open   end   dips   beneath   the
  surface。 The mercury in the tube will be found to fall a short distance; and
  if the height of the column from the surface of the mercury in the basin be
  measured you will find it will be about 30 inches。 As the tube is closed at
  the top there is no downward pressure of air at that point; and the space
  above the mercury in the tube is quite empty: it forms a VACUUM。 This
  vacuum is generally known as the TORRICELLIAN VACUUM; after the
  name of its discoverer。
  Suppose; now; a hole be bored through the top of the tube above the
  column of mercury; the mercury will immediately fall in the tube until it
  stands at the same level as the mercury in the basin; because the upward
  pressure of air through the liquid in the basin would be counterbalanced by
  the downward pressure of the air at the top; and the mercury would fall by
  its own weight。
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  A  few  years   later  Professor  Boyle   proposed   to   use   the instrument   to
  measure the height of mountains。 He argued that; since the pressure of the
  atmosphere balanced a column of mercury 30 inches high; it followed that
  if one could find the weight of the mercury column one would also find
  the   weight   of   a   column   of   air   standing   on   a   base   of   the   same   size;   and
  stretching   away   indefinitely   into   space。   It   was   found   that   a   column   of
  mercury in a tube having a sectional area of 1 square inch; and a height of
  30 inches; weighed 15 pounds; therefore the weight of the atmosphere; or
  air   pressure;    at  sea…level   is  about    15  pounds     to  the  square    inch。   The
  ordinary mercury barometer is essentially a Torricellian tube graduated so
  that the varying heights of the mercury column can be used as a measure
  of   the varying   atmospheric   pressure due to   change   of   weather or   due   to
  alteration   of   altitude。   If   we   take   a   mercury   barometer   up   a   hill   we   will
  observe that the mercury falls。 The weight of atmosphere being less as we
  ascend; the column of mercury supported becomes smaller。
  Although the atmosphere has been proved to be over 200 miles high; it
  has by no means the same density throughout。 Like all gases; air is subject
  to the law that the density increases directly as the pressure; and thus the
  densest and heaviest layers are those nearest the sea…level; because the air
  near the earth's surface has to support the pressure of all the air above it。
  As airmen rise into the highest portions of the atmosphere the height of the
  column of air above them decreases; and it follows that; having a shorter
  column   of   air  to support;  those   portions   are  less   dense than those   lower
  down。     So   rare   does   the   atmosphere      become;     when    great   altitudes   are
  reached; that at a height of seven miles breathing is well…nigh impossible;
  and    at  far  lower    altitudes    than   this  airmen    have    to  be   supported     by
  inhalations of oxygen。
  One of the greatest altitudes was reached by two famous balloonists;
  Messrs。 Coxwell and Glaisher。 They were over seven miles in the air when
  the latter fell unconscious; and the plucky aeronauts were only saved by
  Mr。   Coxwell   pulling   the   v