第 15 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  fly; I became convinced that there was but one system to work on; and that
  was   the   aeroplane   system。   I   made   many   calculations;   and   found   that   an
  aeroplane   machine   driven   by   a   steam…engine   ought   to   lift   itself   into   the
  air。〃
  Sir   Hiram   then   went   on   to   say   that   it   was   the   work   of   making   an
  automatic gun which was the direct cause of his experiments with flying
  machines。 To continue the report:
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  〃One day I was approached by three gentle… men who were interested
  in the gun;  and they asked   me   if   it would be possible   for me   to   build   a
  flying machine; how long it would take; and how much it would cost。 My
  reply was that it would take five years and would cost L50;000。 The first
  three   years   would   be   devoted   to   developing   a   light   internal…combustion
  engine; and the remaining two years to making a flying machine。
  〃Later on a considerable sum of money was placed at my disposal; and
  the experiments commenced; but unfortunately the gun business called for
  my   attention   abroad;   and   during   the   first   two   years   of   the   experimental
  work I was out of England eighteen months。
  〃Although   I   had   thought   much   of   the   internal…combustion   engine   it
  seemed to me that it would take too long to develop one and that it would
  be a hopeless task in my absence from England; so I decided that in my
  first experiments at least I would use a steam…engine。 I therefore designed
  and   made   a   steam…engine   and   boiler   of   which   Mr。   Charles   Parsons   has
  since said that; next to the Maxim gun; it developed more energy for its
  weight than any other heat engine ever made。 That was true at the time;
  but is very wide of the mark now。〃
  Speaking of motors; the veteran lecturer remarked: 〃Perhaps there was
  no problem in the world on which mathematicians had differed so widely
  as on the problem of flight。 Twenty years ago experimenters said: 'Give us
  a   motor   that   will   develop   1   horse…power   with   the   weight   of   a   barnyard
  fowl; and we will very soon fly。' At the present moment they had motors
  which would develop over 2 horse…power and did not weigh more than a
  12…pound barnyard fowl。 These engines had been developedI might say
  createdby      the   builders   of   motor    cars。   Extreme     lightness    had   been
  gradually     obtained     by   those   making     racing   cars;   and   that   had   been
  intensified by aviators。 In many cases a speed of 80 or 100 miles per hour
  had been attained; and machines had remained in the air for hours and had
  flown   long distances。   In   some   cases   nearly  a   ton   had been   carried   for   a
  short distance。〃
  Such words as these; coming from the lips of a great inventor; give us
  a deep insight into the working of the inventor's mind; and; incidentally;
  show   us   some   of   the   difficulties   which   beset   all   pioneers   in   their   tasks。
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  The science of aviation is; indeed; greatly indebted to these early inventors;
  not the least of whom is the gallant Sir Hiram Maxim。
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  CHAPTER XIX The Wright Brothers and their
  Secret Experiments
  In   the   beginning     of  the   twentieth    century    many     of  the   leading
  European newspapers contained brief reports of aerial experiments which
  were   being   carried     out  at   Dayton;   in   the  State   of   Ohio;   America。   So
  wonderful were the results of these experiments; and so mysterious were
  the   movements       of  the   two   brothersOrville     and   Wilbur    Wrightwho
  conducted them; that many Europeans would not believe the reports。
  No inventors have gone about their work more carefully; methodically;
  and secretly than did these two Americans; who; hidden from prying eyes;
  〃far    from   the  madding      crowd〃;    obtained    results   which    brought    them
  undying fame in the world of aviation。
  For   years   they   worked   at   their   self…imposed   task   of   constructing   a
  flying machine which would really soar among the clouds。 They had read
  brief   accounts   of   the   experiments   carried   out   by   Otto   Lilienthal;   and   in
  many ways the ground had been well paved for them。 It was their great
  ambition to become real 〃human birds〃; 〃birds〃 that would not only glide
  along down the hillside; but would fly free and unfettered; choosing their
  aerial paths of travel and their places of destination。
  Though there are few reliable accounts of their work in those remote
  American haunts; during the first six years of the present century; the main
  facts   of   their   life…history   are   now   well   known;   and   we   are   able   to   trace
  their experiments; step by step; from the time when they constructed their
  first simple aeroplane down to the appearance of the marvellous biplane
  which has made them world…famed。
  For   some   time   the   Wrights   experimented   with   a   glider;   with   which
  they   accomplished   even   more   wonderful   results   than   those   obtained   by
  Lilienthal。 These two young American engineersbicyclemakers by trade…
  …were never in a hurry。 Step by step they made progress; first with kites;
  then   with   small   gliders;   and   ultimately   with   a   large   one。   The   latter   was
  launched      into  the  air  by   men   running    forward    with   it  until  sufficient
  momentum had been gained for the craft to go forward on its own account。
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  The first aeroplane made by the two brothers was a very simple one; as
  was the method adopted to balance the craft。 There were two main planes
  made of long spreads of canvas   arranged one above another; and on the
  lower plane the pilot lay。 A little plane in front of the man was known as
  the ELEVATOR; and it could be moved up and down by the pilot; when
  the   elevator   was   tilted   up;   the   aeroplane   ascended;   when   lowered;   the
  machine descended。
  At the back was a rudder; also under control of the pilot。 The pilot's
  feet; in a modern aeroplane; rest upon a bar working on a central swivel;
  and   this   moves   the   rudder。   To   turn   to   the   left;   the   left   foot   is   moved
  forward; to turn to the right the right foot。
  But it was in the balancing control of their machine that the Wrights
  showed such great ingenuity。 Running from the edges of the lower plane
  were some wires which met at a point where the pilot could control them。
  The edges of the plane were flexible; that is; they could be bent slightly
  either up or down; and this movement of the flexible plane is known as
  WING WARPING。
  You know that when a cyclist is going round a curve his machine leans
  inwards。 Perhaps some of you have seen motor races; such as those held at
  Brooklands;   if   so;   you   must   have   noticed   that   the   track   is   banked   very
  steeply at the corners; and when the motorist is going round these corners
  at; say; 80 miles an hour; his motor makes a considerable angle with the
  level ground; and looks as if it must topple over。 The aeroplane acts in a
  similar manner; and; unless some means are taken to prevent it; it will turn
  over。
  Let us now see how the pilot worked the 〃Wright〃 glider。 Suppose the
  machine   tilted   down   on   one   side;   while   in   the   air;   the   pilot   would   pull
  down; or warp; the edges of the planes on that side of the machine which
  was the lower。  By an ingenious   contrivance; when one  side was   warped
  down; the other was warped up; with the effect that the machine would be
  brought back into a horizontal position。 (As we shall return to the subject
  of wing warping in a later chapter; we need not discuss it further here。)
  It must not be imagined that as soon as the Wrights had constructed a
  glider fitted with this clever system of controlling mechanism they could
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  fly when and where they liked。 They had to practise for two or three years
  before they were satisfied with the results of their experiments: neglecting
  no detail; profiting by their failures; and moving logically from step to step。
  They never attempted an exper