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作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9321
  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  THE MASTERY OF
  THE AIR
  by WILLIAM J。 CLAXTON
  PREFACE
  This book makes no pretence of going minutely into the technical and
  scientific   sides   of   human   flight:   rather   does   it   deal   mainly  with   the   real
  achievements of pioneers who have helped to make aviation what it is to…
  day。
  My chief   object has   been   to arouse   among   my  readers   an   intelligent
  interest in the art of flight; and; profiting by friendly criticism of several of
  my former works; I imagine that this is best obtained by setting forth the
  romance of triumph in the realms of an element which has defied man for
  untold centuries; rather than to give a mass of scientific principles which
  appeal to no one but the expert。
  So   rapid   is   the  present   development   of   aviation   that   it   is   difficult   to
  keep abreast with the times。 What is new to…day becomes old to…morrow。
  The Great War has given a tremendous impetus to the strife between the
  warring nations for the mastery of the air; and one can but give a rough
  and general impression of the achievements of naval and military airmen
  on the various fronts。
  Finally; I have tried to bring home the fact that the fascinating progress
  of aviation should not be confined entirely to the airman and constructor
  of air…craft; in short; this progress is not a retord   of events in which  the
  mass   of   the   nation   have   little   personal   concern;   but   of   a   movement   in
  which each one of us may take an active and intelligent part。
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  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  I   have   to   thank various  aviation   firms;  airmen;  and   others   who   have
  kindly come to my assistance; either with the help of valuable information
  or   by   the   loan   of   photographs。   In   particular;   my   thanks   are   due   to   the
  Royal     Flying     Corps    and    Royal    Naval    Air    Service    for   permission     to
  reproduce       illustrations    from    their   two   publications      on   the   work    and
  training   of   their   respective   corps;   to   the   Aeronautical   Society   of   Great
  Britain; to Messrs。 C。 G。 Spencer & Sons; Highbury; The Sopwith Aviation
  Company;        Ltd。;   Messrs。    A。   V。  Roe    &   Co。;   Ltd。;   The    Gnome      Engine
  Company;   The   Green   Engine   Company;   Mr。   A。   G。   Gross   (Geographia;
  Ltd。); and M。 Bleriot; for an exposition of the internal…combustion engine
  I have drawn on Mr。 Horne's The Age of Machinery。
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  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  PART I…BALLOONS AND AIR…
  SHIPS
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  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  CHAPTER I Man's Duel with Nature
  Of all man's great achievements none is; perhaps; more full of human
  interest    than   are  those   concerned      with   flight。  We   regard    ourselves    as
  remarkable beings; and our wonderful discoveries in science and invention
  induce   us   to   believe   we   are   far   and   away   the   cleverest   of   all   the   living
  creatures in the great scheme of Creation。 And yet in the matter of flight
  the birds beat us; what has taken us years of education; and vast efforts of
  intelligence;   foresight;   and   daring   to   accomplish;   is   known   by   the   tiny
  fledglings almost as soon as they come into the world。
  It is easy to see why the story of aviation is of such romantic interest。
  Man has been exercising his ingenuity; and deliberately pursuing a certain
  train of thought; in an attempt to harness the forces of Nature and compel
  them   to   act   in   what   seems   to   be   the   exact   converse   of   Nature's   own
  arrangements。
  One of the mysteries of Nature is known as the FORCE OF GRAVITY。
  It is not our purpose in this book to go deeply into a study of gravitation;
  we   may   content   ourselves   with   the   statement;   first   proved   by   Sir   Isaac
  Newton;   that   there   is   an   invisible   force   which   the   Earth   exerts   on   all
  bodies;   by   which   it   attracts   or   draws   them   towards   itself。   This   property
  does not belong to the Earth alone; but to all matterall matter attracts all
  other   matter。   In   discussing   the   problems   of   aviation   we   are   concerned
  mainly with the mutual attraction of The Earth and the bodies on or near
  its surface; this is usually called TERRESTRIAL gravity。
  It has been found that every body attracts very other body with a force
  directly proportionate to its mass。 Thus we see that; if every particle in a
  mass exerts its attractive influence; the more particles a body contains the
  greater will be the attraction。 If a mass of iron be dropped to the ground
  from the roof of a building at the same time as a cork of similar size; the
  iron and the cork would; but for the retarding effect of the air; fall to the
  ground together; but the iron would strike the ground with much greater
  force than the cork。 Briefly stated; a body which contains twice as much
  matter as another is attracted or drawn towards the centre of the Earth with
  twice the force of that other; if the mass be five times as great; then it will
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  THE MASTERY OF THE AIR
  be attracted with five times the force; and so on。
  It is thus evident that the Earth must exert an overwhelming attractive
  force on all bodies on or near its surface。 Now; when man rises from the
  ground in an aeroplane he is counter…acting this force by other forces。
  A short time ago the writer saw a picture which illustrated in a very
  striking manner man's struggle with Nature。 Nature was represented as a
  giant    of   immense      stature   and    strength;   standing     on   a   globe   with
  outstretched   arms;   and   in   his   hands   were   shackles   of   great   size。   Rising
  gracefully from the earth; immediately in front of the giant; was an airman
  seated in a modern flying…machine; and on his face was a happy…go…lucky
  look as though he were delighting in the duel between him and the giant。
  The   artist   had   drawn   the   picture   so   skilfully  that   one   could   imagine   the
  huge;    knotted    fingers   grasping    the  shackles    were   itching   to  bring   the
  airman       within     their   clutch。     The     picture    was     entitled     〃MAN
  TRIUMPHANT〃
  No doubt many  of those who saw that picture   were reminded of the
  great sacrifices made by man in the past。 In the wake of the aviator there
  are many memorial stones of mournful significance。
  It says much for the pluck and perseverance of aviators that they have
  been   willing   to   run   the   great   risks   which   ever   accompany   their   efforts。
  Four years of the Great War have shown how splendidly airmen have risen
  to the great demands made upon them。 In dispatch after dispatch from the
  front; tribute has been paid to the gallant and devoted work of the Royal
  Flying     Corps   and   the   Royal   Naval    Air   Service。   In   a  long  and   bitter
  struggle British airmen have gradually asserted their supremacy in the air。
  In all parts of the globe; in Egypt; in Mesopotamia; in Palestine; in Africa;
  the airman has been an indispensable adjunct of the fighting forces。 Truly
  it may be said that mastery of the air is the indispensable factor of final
  victory。
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  CHAPTER II The French Paper…maker who
  Invented the Balloon
  In   the   year   1782   two   young   Frenchmen   might   have   been   seen   one
  winter     night   sitting   over   their   cottage   fire;  performing      the   curious
  experiment   of   filling   paper   bags   with   smoke;   and   letting   them   rise   up
  towards the ceiling。 These young men were brothers; named Stephen and
  Joseph Montgolfier; and their experiments resulted in the invention of the
  balloon。
  The   brothers;   like   all   inventors;   seem   to   have   had   enquiring   minds。
  They   were   for   ever   asking   the   why   and   the   wherefore   of   things。   〃Why
  does   smoke   rise?〃   they   asked。   〃Is   there   not   some   strange   power   in   the
  atmosphere which makes the smoke from chimneys and elsewhere rise in
  opposition to the force of