第 8 节
作者:不落的滑翔翼      更新:2021-03-11 18:41      字数:9322
  Confucius himself having violated an extorted oath; '72'  and
  also of his having left the Sung State in disguise。 '73'  Can
  we then recklessly arraign Sun Tzu for disregarding truth and
  honesty?
  Bibliography
  The following are the oldest Chinese treatises on war; after
  Sun Tzu。  The notes on each have been drawn principally from the
  SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU CHIEN MING MU LU; ch。 9; fol。 22 sqq。
  1。  WU TZU; in 1 CHUAN or 6 chapters。  By Wu Ch‘i  (d。  381
  B。C。)。  A genuine work。  See SHIH CHI; ch。 65。
  2。  SSU…MA FA; in 1 CHUAN or 5 chapters。  Wrongly attributed
  to Ssu…ma Jang…chu of the 6th century B。C。  Its date;  however;
  must be early; as the customs of the three ancient dynasties are
  constantly to be met within its pages。  See SHIH CHI; ch。 64。
  The SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU (ch。 99; f。 1)  remarks that the
  oldest three treatises on war; SUN TZU; WU TZU and SSU…MA FA;
  are;  generally speaking; only concerned with things strictly
  military    the art of producing;  collecting;  training and
  drilling troops; and the correct theory with regard to measures
  of expediency; laying plans; transport of goods and the handling
  of soldiers  in strong contrast to later works; in which the
  science of war is usually blended with metaphysics;  divination
  and magical arts in general。
  3。  LIU T‘AO; in 6 CHUAN; or 60 chapters。  Attributed to Lu
  Wang  (or Lu Shang; also known as T‘ai Kung) of the 12th century
  B。C。 '74'  But its style does not belong to the era of the Three
  Dynasties。  Lu Te…ming (550…625 A。D。) mentions the work;  and
  enumerates the headings of the six sections so that the forgery
  cannot have been later than Sui dynasty。
  4。  WEI LIAO TZU; in 5 CHUAN。  Attributed to Wei Liao  (4th
  cent。 B。C。); who studied under the famous Kuei…ku Tzu。  The work
  appears to have been originally in 31 chapters; whereas the text
  we possess contains only 24。  Its matter is sound enough in the
  main;  though the strategical devices differ considerably from
  those of the Warring States period。  It is been furnished with a
  commentary by the well…known Sung philosopher Chang Tsai。
  5。  SAN LUEH; in 3 CHUAN。  Attributed to Huang…shih Kung;  a
  legendary personage who is said to have bestowed it on Chang
  Liang (d。 187 B。C。) in an interview on a bridge。  But here again;
  the style is not that of works dating from the Ch‘in or Han
  period。  The Han Emperor Kuang Wu '25…57 A。D。' apparently quotes
  from it in one of his proclamations; but the passage in question
  may have been inserted later on;  in order to prove   the
  genuineness of the work。  We shall not be far out if we refer it
  to the Northern Sung period '420…478 A。D。'; or somewhat earlier。
  6。  LI WEI KUNG WEN TUI; in 3 sections。  Written in the form
  of a dialogue between T‘ai Tsung and his great general Li Ching;
  it is usually ascribed to the latter。  Competent authorities
  consider it a forgery; though the author was evidently well
  versed in the art of war。
  7。  LI CHING PING FA (not to be confounded with the
  foregoing)  is a short treatise in 8 chapters; preserved in the
  T‘ung Tien; but not published separately。  This fact explains its
  omission from the SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU。
  8。  WU CH‘I CHING; in 1 CHUAN。  Attributed to the legendary
  minister Feng Hou; with exegetical notes by Kung…sun Hung of the
  Han dynasty (d。 121 B。C。); and said to have been eulogized by the
  celebrated general Ma Lung (d。 300 A。D。)。  Yet the earliest
  mention of it is in the SUNG CHIH。  Although a forgery; the work
  is well put together。
  Considering the high popular estimation in which Chu…ko
  Liang has always been held; it is not surprising to find more
  than one work on war ascribed to his pen。  Such are (1) the SHIH
  LIU TS‘E (1 CHUAN); preserved in the YUNG LO TA TIEN; (2)  CHIANG
  YUAN  (1 CHUAN);  and  (3) HSIN SHU  (1 CHUAN);  which steals
  wholesale from Sun Tzu。  None of these has the slightest claim to
  be considered genuine。
  Most of the large Chinese encyclopedias contain extensive
  sections devoted to the literature of war。  The following
  references may be found useful:
  T‘UNG TIEN (circa 800 A。D。); ch。 148…162。
  T‘AI P‘ING YU LAN (983); ch。 270…359。
  WEN HSIEN TUNG K‘AO (13th cent。); ch。 221。
  YU HAI (13th cent。); ch。 140; 141。
  SAN TS‘AI T‘U HUI (16th cent)。
  KUANG PO WU CHIH (1607); ch。 31; 32。
  CH‘IEN CH‘IO LEI SHU (1632); ch。 75。
  YUAN CHIEN LEI HAN (1710); ch。 206…229。
  KU CHIN T‘U SHU CHI CH‘ENG (1726); section XXX; esp。 ch。 81…
  90。
  HSU WEN HSIEN T‘UNG K‘AO (1784); ch。 121…134。
  HUANG CH‘AO CHING SHIH WEN PIEN (1826); ch。 76; 77。
  The bibliographical sections of certain historical works
  also deserve mention:
  CH‘IEN HAN SHU; ch。 30。
  SUI SHU; ch。 32…35。
  CHIU T‘ANG SHU; ch。 46; 47。
  HSIN T‘ANG SHU; ch。 57;60。
  SUNG SHIH; ch。 202…209。
  T‘UNG CHIH (circa 1150); ch。 68。
  To these of course must be added the great Catalogue of the
  Imperial Library:
  SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU TSUNG MU T‘I YAO (1790); ch。 99; 100。
  Footnotes
  …
  1。  SHI CHI; ch。 65。
  2。  He reigned from 514 to 496 B。C。
  3。  SHI CHI; ch。 130。
  4。  The appellation of Nang Wa。
  5。  SHI CHI; ch。 31。
  6。  SHI CHI; ch。 25。
  7。  The appellation of Hu Yen; mentioned in ch。 39 under the year
  637。
  8。  Wang…tzu Ch‘eng…fu; ch。 32; year 607。
  9。  The mistake is natural enough。  Native critics refer to a
  work of the Han dynasty; which says:  〃Ten LI outside the WU gate
  'of the city of Wu; now Soochow in Kiangsu' there is a great
  mound; raised to commemorate the entertainment of Sun Wu of Ch‘i;
  who excelled in the art of war; by the King of Wu。〃
  10。  〃They attached strings to wood to make bows; and sharpened
  wood to make arrows。  The use of bows and arrows is to keep the
  Empire in awe。〃
  11。  The son and successor of Ho Lu。  He was finally defeated and
  overthrown by Kou chien; King of Yueh; in 473 B。C。  See post。
  12。  King Yen of Hsu; a fabulous being; of whom Sun Hsing…yen
  says in his preface:  〃His humanity brought him to destruction。〃
  13。  The passage I have put in brackets is omitted in the T‘U
  SHU; and may be an interpolation。  It was known; however to Chang
  Shou…chieh of the T‘ang dynasty; and appears in the T‘AI P‘ING YU
  LAN。
  14。  Ts‘ao Kung seems to be thinking of the first part of chap。
  II; perhaps especially of ss。 8。
  15。  See chap。 XI。
  16。  On the other hand; it is noteworthy that WU TZU; which is
  not in 6 chapters; has 48 assigned to it in the HAN CHIH。
  Likewise; the CHUNG YUNG is credited with 49 chapters; though now
  only in one only。  In the case of very short works; one is
  tempted to think that P‘IEN might simply mean 〃leaves。〃
  17。  Yeh Shih of the Sung dynasty '1151…1223'。
  18。  He hardly deserves to be bracketed with assassins。
  19。  See Chapter 7; ss。 27 and Chapter 11; ss。 28。
  20。  See Chapter 11; ss。 28。  Chuan Chu is the abbreviated form
  of his name。
  21。  I。e。 Po P‘ei。  See ante。
  22。  The nucleus of this work is probably genuine; though large
  additions have been made by later hands。  Kuan chung died in 645
  B。C。
  23。  See infra; beginning of INTRODUCTION。
  24。  I do not know what this work; unless it be the last chapter
  of another work。  Why that chapter should be singled out;
  however; is not clear。
  25。  About 480 B。C。
  26。  That is; I suppose; the age of Wu Wang and Chou Kung。
  27。  In the 3rd century B。C。
  28。  Ssu…ma Jang…chu; whose family name was T‘ien; lived in the
  latter half of the 6th century B。C。; and is also believed to have
  written a work on war。  See SHIH CHI; ch。 64; and infra at the
  beginning of the INTRODUCTION。
  29。  See Legge's Classics; vol。 V; Prolegomena p。 27。  Legge
  thinks that the TSO CHUAN must have been written in the 5th
  century; but not before 424 B。C。
  30。  See MENCIUS III。 1。 iii。 13…20。
  31。  When Wu first appears in the CH‘UN CH‘IU in 584; it is
  already at variance with its powerful neighbor。  The CH‘UN CH‘IU
  first mentions Yueh in 537; the TSO CHUAN in 601。
  32。  This is explicitly stated in the TSO CHUAN; XXXII; 2。
  33。  There is this to be said for the later period; that the feud
  would tend to grow more bitter after each encounter; and thus
  more fully justify the language used in XI。 ss。 30。
  34。  With Wu Yuan himself the case is just the reverse:   a
  spurious treatise on war has been fathered on him simply because
  he was a great general。  Here we have an obvious inducement to
  forgery。  Sun Wu; on the other hand; cannot have been widely
  known to fame in the 5th century。
  35。  From TSO CHUAN:  〃From the date of King Chao's acces