by　Mr。　Beaumont；　the　mineral…manager　of　the　collieries　of　Mrs。
  Cunningham　of　Lainshaw；　near　Irvine　in　Ayrshire；　after　which　he　was
  appointed　engine…wright　at　Ayr；　and　subsequently　at　the　Govan　Coal
  Works　near　Glasgow；　where　he　remained　until　his　death。　　It　was　while
  working　at　the　Irvine　Works　that　he　first　became　acquainted　with　his
  future　wife；　Marion　Smith；　the　daughter　of　a　Renfrewshire　bleacher；　a
  woman　remarkable　through　life　for　her　clever；　managing；　and
  industrious　habits。　　She　had　the　charge　of　Mrs。　Cunningham's　children
  for　some　time　after　the　marriage　of　that　lady　to　Mr。　Beaumont；　and　it
  was　in　compliment　to　her　former　mistress　and　her　husband　that　she
  named　her　youngest　son　James　Beaumont　after　the　latter。
  The　boy's　education　was　confined　to　the　common　elements　of　reading；
  writing；　and　arithmetic；　which　he　partly　acquired　at　the　parish
  school　of　Strathbungo　near　Glasgow；　and　partly　at　the　Chapel　School；
  as　it　was　called；　in　the　Gorbals　at　Glasgow。　　He　had　finally　left
  school　before　he　was　fourteen。　　Some　time　before　he　left；　he　had　been
  partially　set　to　work；　and　earned　four　shillings　a　week　by　employing
  a　part　of　each　day　in　driving　a　small　condensing　engine　which　his
  father　had　put　up　in　a　neighbouring　quarry。　　After　leaving　school；　he
  was　employed　for　two　years　as　a　gig　boy　on　one　of　the　winding　engines
  at　the　Govan　colliery。　　His　parents　now　considered　him　of　fit　age　to
  be　apprenticed　to　some　special　trade；　and　as　Beaumont　had　much　of　his
  father's　tastes　for　mechanical　pursuits；　it　was　determined　to　put　him
  apprentice　to　a　working　engineer。　　His　elder　brother　John　was　then
  acting　as　engineman　at　Oakbank　near　Glasgow；　and　Beaumont　was
  apprenticed　under　him　to　learn　the　trade。　　John　was　a　person　of　a
  studious　and　serious　turn　of　mind；　and　had　been　strongly　attracted　to
  follow　the　example　of　the　brothers　Haldane；　who　were　then　exciting
  great　interest　by　their　preaching　throughout　the　North；　but　his
  father　set　his　face　against　his　son's　〃preaching　at　the　back　o'
  dikes；〃　as　he　called　it；　and　so　John　quietly　settled　down　to　his
  work。　　The　engine　which　the　two　brothers　managed　was　a　very　small　one；
  and　the　master　and　apprentice　served　for　engineman　and　fireman。　　Here
  the　youth　worked　for　three　years；　employing　his　leisure　hours　in　the
  evenings　in　remedying　the　defects　of　his　early　education；　and
  endeavouring　to　acquire　a　knowledge　of　English　grammar；　drawing；　and
  mathematics。
  On　the　expiry　of　his　apprenticeship；　Beaumont　continued　for　a　time　to
  work　under　his　brother　as　journeyman　at　a　guinea　a　week；　after　which；
  in　1814；　he　entered　the　employment　of　William　Taylor；　coal…master　at
  Irvine；　and　he　was　appointed　engine…wright　of　the　colliery　at　a
  salary　of　from　70L。　to　80L。　a　year。　　One　of　the　improvements　which　he
  introduced　in　the　working　of　the　colliery；　while　he　held　that　office；
  was　the　laying　down　of　an　edge　railway　of　cast…iron；　in　lengths　of
  three　feet；　from　the　pit　to　the　harbour　of　Irvine；　a　distance　of
  three　miles。　　At　the　age　of　23　he　married　his　first　wife；　Barbara
  Montgomerie；　an　Irvine　lass；　with　a　〃tocher〃　of　250L。　　This　little
  provision　was　all　the　more　serviceable　to　him；　as　his　master；　Taylor；
  becoming　unfortunate　in　business；　he　was　suddenly　thrown　out　of
  employment；　and　the　little　fortune　enabled　the　newly…married　pair　to
  hold　their　heads　above　water　till　better　days　came　round。　　They　took　a
  humble　tenement；　consisting　of　a　room　and　a　kitchen；　in　the
  Cowcaddens；　Glasgow；　where　their　first　child　was　born。
  About　this　time　a　gas…work；　the　first　in　Glasgow；　was　projected；　and
  the　company　having　been　formed；　the　directors　advertised　for　a
  superintendent　and　foreman；　to　whom　they　offered　a　〃liberal　salary。〃
  Though　Beaumont　had　never　seen　gaslight　before；　except　at　the
  illumination　of　his　father's　colliery　office　after　the　Peace　of
  Amiens；　which　was　accomplished　in　a　very　simple　and　original　manner；
  without　either　condenser；　purifier；　or　gas…holder；　and　though　he　knew
  nothing　of　the　art　of　gas…making；　he　had　the　courage　to　apply　for　the
  situation。　　He　was　one　of　twenty　candidates；　and　the　fortunate　one；
  and　in　August；　1817；　we　find　him　appointed　foreman　of　the　Glasgow
  Gasworks；　for　five　years；　at　the　salary　of　90L。　a　year。　　Before　the
  expiry　of　his　term　he　was　reappointed　for　six　years　more；　at　the
  advanced　salary　of　200L。；　with　the　status　of　manager　and　engineer　of
  the　works。　　His　salary　was　gradually　increased　to　400L。　a　year；　with　a
  free　dwelling…house；　until　1847；　when；　after　a　faithful　service　of
  thirty　years；　during　which　he　had　largely　extended　the　central　works；
  and　erected　branch　works　in　Tradeston　and　Partick；　he　finally
  resigned　the　management。
  The　situation　of　manager　of　the　Glasgow　Gas…works　was　in　many
  respects　well　suited　for　the　development　of　Mr。　Neilson's　peculiar
  abilities。　　In　the　first　place　it　afforded　him　facilities　for
  obtaining　theoretical　as　well　as　practical　knowledge　in　Chemical
  Science；　of　which　he　was　a　diligent　student　at　the　Andersonian
  University；　as　well　as　of　Natural　Philosophy　and　Mathematics　in　their
  higher　branches。　　In　the　next　place　it　gave　free　scope　for　his
  ingenuity　in　introducing　improvements　in　the　manufacture　of　gas；　then
  in　its　infancy。　　He　was　the　first　to　employ　clay　retorts；　and　he
  introduced　sulphate　of　iron　as　a　self…acting　purifier；　passing　the
  gas　through　beds　of　charcoal　to　remove　its　oily　and　tarry　elements。
  The　swallow…tail　or　union　jet　was　also　his　invention；　and　it　has
  since　come　into　general　use。
  While　managing　the　Gas…works；　one　of　Mr。Neilson's　labours　of　love　was
  the　establishment　and　direction　by　him　of　a　Workmen's　Institution　for
  mutual　improvement。　　Having　been　a　workman　himself；　and　experienced
  the　disadvantages　of　an　imperfect　education　in　early　life；　as　well　as
  the　benefits　arising　from　improved　culture　in　later　years；　he　desired
  to　impart　some　of　these　advantages　to　the　workmen　in　his　employment；
  who　consisted　chiefly　of　persons　from　remote　parts　of　the　Highlands
  or　from　Ireland。　　Most　of　them　could　not　even　read；　and　his　principal
  difficulty　consisted　in　persuading　them　that　it　was　of　any　use　to
  learn。　　For　some　time　they　resisted　his　persuasions　to　form　a
  Workmen's　Institution；　with　a　view　to　the　establishment　of　a　library；
  classes；　and　lectures；　urging　as　a　sufficient　plea　for　not　joining
  it；　that　they　could　not　read；　and　that　books　would　be　of　no　use　to
  them。　　At　last　Mr。　Neilson　succeeded；　though　with　considerable
  difficulty；　in　inducing　fourteen　of　the　workmen　to　adopt　his　plan。
  Each　member　was　to　contribute　a　small　sum　monthly；　to　be　laid　out　in
  books；　the　Gas　Company　providing　the　members　with　a　comfortable　room
  in　which　they　might　meet　to　read　and　converse　in　the　evenings　instead
  of　going　to　the　alehouse。　　The　members　were　afterwards　allowed　to　take
  the　books　home　to　read；　and　the　room　was　used　for　the　purpose　of
  conversation　on　the　subjects　of　the　books　read　by　them；　and
  occasionally　for　lectures　delivered　by　the　members　themselves　on
  geography；　arithmetic；　chemistry；　and　mechanics。　　Their　numbers
  increased　so　that　the　room　in　which　they　met　became　insufficient　for
  their　accommodation；　when　the　Gas　Company　provided　them　with　a　new
  and　larger　place　of　meeting；　together　with　a　laboratory　and　workshop。
  In　the　former　they　studied　practical　chemistry；　and　in　the　latter
  they　studied　practical　mechanics；　making　for　themselves　an　air　pump
  and　an　electrifying　machine；　as　well　as　preparing　the　various　models
  used　in　the　course　of　the　lectures。　　The　effects　on　the　workmen　were
  eminently　beneficial；　and　the　institution　came　to　be　cited　as　among
  the　most　valuable　of　its　kind　in　the　kingdom。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Article　by　Dugald　Bannatyne　in　Glasgow　Mechanic's　Magazine；　No。　53；
  Dec。　1824。
  。。。＇
  Mr。　Neilson　throughout　watched　carefully　over　its　working；　and
  exerted　himself　in　all　ways　to　promote　its　usefulness；　in　which　he
  had　the　zealous　co…operation　of　the　leading　workmen　themselves；　and
  the　gratitude　of　all。　　On　the　opening　of　the　new　and　enlarged　rooms　in
  1825；　we　find　him　delivering　an　admirable　address；　which　was　thought
  worthy　of　republication；　together　with　the　reply　of　George
  Sutherland；　one　of　the　workmen；　in　which　Mr。　Neilson's　exertions　as
  its　founder　and　chief　supporter　were　gratefully　and　forcibly
  expressed。*
  ＇footnote。。。
  Glasgow　Mechanic's　Magazine；　vol。　iii。　p。　159。
  。。。＇
  It　was　during　the　period　of　his　connection　with　the　Glasgow　Gas…works
  that　Mr。　Neilson　directed　his　attention　to　the　smelting　of　iron。　　His
  views　in　regard　to　the　subject　were　at　first　somewhat　crude；　as
  appears　from　a　paper　read　by　him　before　the　Glasgow　Philosophical
  Society　early　in　1825。　　It　appears　that　in　the　course　of　the　preceding
  year　his　attention　had　been　called　to　the　subject　by　an　iron…maker；
  who　asked　him　if　he　thought　it　possible　to　purify　the　air　blown　into
  the　blast　furnaces；　in　like　manner　as　carburetted　hydrogen　gas　was