to　the　test　of　his　crucible；　he　satisfied　himself　as　to　its
  properties；　and　proceeded　to　ascertain　its　geological　position　and
  relations。　　He　shortly　found　that　it　belonged　to　the　upper　part　of　the
  coal…formation；　and　hence　he　designated　it　carboniferous　ironstone。
  He　prosecuted　his　researches；　and　found　various　rich　beds　of　the
  mineral　distributed　throughout　the　western　counties　of　Scotland。　　On
  analysis；　it　was　found　to　contain　a　little　over　50　per　cent。　　of
  protoxide　of　iron。　　The　coaly　　matter　it　contained　was　not　its　least
  valuable　ingredient；　for　by　the　aid　of　the　hot　blast　it　was
  afterwards　found　practicable　to　smelt　it　almost　without　any　addition
  of　coal。　　Seams　of　black　band　have　since　been　discovered　and
  successfully　worked　in　Edinburghshire；　Staffordshire；　and　North
  Wales。
  。。。＇
  The　discovery　of　this　was　made　in　1801；　when　I　was　engaged　in
  erecting　for　myself　and　partners　the　Calder　Iron　Works。　　Great
  prejudice　was　excited　against　me　by　the　ironmasters　and　others　of
  that　day　in　presuming　to　class　the　WILD　COALS　of　the　country　（as
  Black　Band　was　called）　with　ironstone　fit　and　proper　for　the　blast
  furnace。　　Yet　that　discovery　has　elevated　Scotland　to　a　considerable
  rank　among　the　iron…making　nations　of　Europe；　with　resources　still　in
  store　that　may　be　considered　inexhaustible。　　But　such　are　the
  consolatory　effects　of　Time；　that　the　discoverer　of　1801　is　no　longer
  considered　the　intrusive　visionary　of　the　laboratory；　but　the
  acknowledged　benefactor　of　his　country　at　large；　and　particularly　of
  an　extensive　class　of　coal　and　mine　proprietors　and　iron　masters；　who
  have　derived；　and　are　still　deriving；　great　wealth　from　this
  important　discovery；　and　who；　in　the　spirit　of　grateful
  acknowledgment；　have　pronounced　it　worthy　of　a　crown　of　gold；　or　a
  monumental　record　on　the　spot　where　the　discovery　was　first　made。
  〃At　an　advanced　period　of　life；　such　considerations　are　soothing　and
  satisfactory。　　Many　under　similar　circumstances　have　not；　in　their　own
  lifetime；　had　that　measure　of　justice　awarded　to　them　by　their
  country　to　which　they　were　equally　entitled。　　I　accept　it；　however；　as
  a　boon　justly　due　to　me；　and　as　an　equivalent　in　some　degree　for　that
  laborious　course　of　investigation　which　I　had　prescribed　for　myself；
  and　which；　in　early　life；　was　carried　on　under　circumstances　of
  personal　exposure　and　inconvenience；　which　nothing　but　a　frame　of
  iron　could　have　supported。　　They　atone　also　；in　part；　for　that
  disappointment　sustained　in　early　life　by　the　speculative　habits　of
  one　partner；　and　the　constitutional　nervousness　of　another；　which
  eventually　occasioned　my　separation　from　the　Calder　Iron　Works；　and
  lost　me　the　possession　of　extensive　tracts　of　Black　Band　iron…stone；
  which　I　had　secured　while　the　value　of　the　discovery　was　known　only
  to　myself。〃
  Mr。　Mushet　published　the　results　of　his　laborious　investigations　in　a
  series　of　papers　in　the　Philosophical　Magazine；afterwards　reprinted
  in　a　collected　form　in　1840　under　the　title　of　〃Papers　on　Iron　and
  Steel。〃　　These　papers　are　among　the　most　valuable　original
  contributions　to　the　literature　of　the　iron…manufacture　that　have　yet
  been　given　to　the　world。　　They　contain　the　germs　of　many　inventions
  and　discoveries　in　iron　and　steel；　some　of　which　were　perfected　by
  Mr。　Mushet　himself；　while　others　were　adopted　and　worked　out　by
  different　experimenters。　　In　1798　some　of　the　leading　French　chemists
  were　endeavouring　to　prove　by　experiment　that　steel　could　be　made　by
  contact　of　the　diamond　with　bar…iron　in　the　crucible；　the　carbon　of
  the　diamond　being　liberated　and　entering　into　combination　with　the
  iron；　forming　steel。　　In　the　animated　controversy　which　occurred　on
  the　subject；　Mr。　Mushet's　name　was　brought　into　considerable　notice；
  one　of　the　subjects　of　his　published　experiments　having　been　the
  conversion　of　bar…iron　into　steel　in　the　crucible　by　contact　with
  regulated　proportions　of　charcoal。　　The　experiments　which　he　made　in
  connection　with　this　controversy；　though　in　themselves　unproductive
  of　results；　led　to　the　important　discovery　by　Mr。　Mushet　of　the
  certain　fusibility　of　malleable　iron　at　a　suitable　temperature。
  Among　the　other　important　results　of　Mr。　Mushet's　lifelong　labours；
  the　following　may　be　summarily　mentioned：　　The　preparation　of　steel
  from　bar…iron　by　a　direct　process；　combining　the　iron　with　carbon；
  the　discovery　of　the　beneficial　effects　of　oxide　of　manganese　on　iron
  and　steel；　the　use　of　oxides　of　iron　in　the　puddling…furnace　in
  various　modes　of　appliance；　the　production　of　pig…iron　from　the
  blast…furnace；　suitable　for　puddling；　without　the　intervention　of　the
  refinery；　and　the　application　of　the　hot　blast　to　anthracite　coal　in
  iron…smelting。　　For　the　process　of　combining　iron　with　carbon　for　the
  production　of　steel；　Mr。　Mushet　took　out　a　patent　in　November；　1800；
  and　many　years　after；　when　he　had　discovered　the　beneficial　effects
  of　oxide　of　manganese　on　steel；　Mr。　Josiah　Heath　founded　upon　it　his
  celebrated　patent　for　the　making　of　cast…steel；　which　had　the　effect
  of　raising　the　annual　production　of　that　metal　in　Sheffield　from　3000
  to　100；000　tons。　　His　application　of　the　hot　blast　to　anthracite　coal；
  after　a　process　invented　by　him　and　adopted　by　the　Messrs。　Hill　of
  the　Plymouth　Iron　Works；　South　Wales；　had　the　effect　of　producing
  savings　equal　to　about　20；000L。　a　year　at　those　works；　and　yet；
  strange　to　say；　Mr。　Mushet　himself　never　received　any　consideration
  for　his　invention。
  The　discovery　of　Titanium　by　Mr。　Mushet　in　the　hearth　of　a
  blast…furnace　in　1794　would　now　be　regarded　as　a　mere　isolated　fact；
  inasmuch　as　Titanium　was　not　placed　in　the　list　of　recognised　metals
  until　Dr。　Wollaston；　many　years　later；　ascertained　its　qualities。　　But
  in　connection　with　the　fact；　it　may　be　mentioned　that　Mr。　Mushet's
  youngest　son；　Robert；　reasoning　on　the　peculiar　circumstances　of　the
  discovery　in　question；　of　which　ample　record　is　left；　has　founded
  upon　it　his　Titanium　process；　which　is　expected　by　him　eventually　to
  supersede　all　other　methods　of　manufacturing　steel；　and　to　reduce
  very　materially　the　cost　of　its　production。
  While　he　lived；　Mr。　Mushet　was　a　leading　authority　on　all　matters
  connected　with　Iron　and　Steel；　and　he　contributed　largely　to　the
  scientific　works　of　his　time。　　Besides　his　papers　in　the　Philosophical
  Journal；　he　wrote　the　article　〃Iron〃　for　Napiers　Supplement　to　the
  Encyclopaedia　Britannica；　and　the　articles　〃Blast　Furnace〃　and
  〃Blowing　Machine〃　for　Rees's　Cyclopaedia。　　The　two　latter　articles　had
  a　considerable　influence　on　the　opposition　to　the　intended　tax　upon
  iron　in　1807；　and　were　frequently　referred　to　in　the　discussions　on
  the　subject　in　Parliament。　　Mr。　Mushet　died　in　1847。
  CHAPTER　IX。
  INVENTION　OF　THE　HOT　BLASTJAMES　BEAUMONT　NEILSON。
  〃Whilst　the　exploits　of　the　conqueror　and　the　intrigues　of　the
  demagogue　are　faithfully　preserved　through　a　succession　of　ages；　the
  persevering　and　unobtrusive　efforts　of　genius；　developing　the　best
  blessings　of　the　Deity　to　man；　are　often　consigned　to　oblivion。〃
  David　Mushet。
  The　extraordinary　value　of　the　Black　Band　ironstone　was　not　at　first
  duly　recognised；　perhaps　not　even　by　Mr。　Mushet　himself。　　For　several
  years　after　its　discovery　by　him；　its　use　was　confined　to　the　Calder
  Iron　Works；　where　it　was　employed　in　mixture　with　other　ironstones　of
  the　argillaceous　class。　　It　was　afterwards　partially　used　at　the　Clyde
  Iron　Works；　but　nowhere　else；　a　strong　feeling　of　prejudice　being
  entertained　against　it　on　the　part　of　the　iron　trade　generally。　　It
  was　not　until　the　year　1825　that　the　Monkland　Company　used　it　alone；
  without　any　other　mixture　than　the　necessary　quantity　of　limestone
  for　a　flux。　　〃The　success　of　this　Company；〃　says　Mr。　Mushet；　〃soon
  gave　rise　to　the　Gartsherrie　and　Dundyvan　furnaces；　in　the　midst　of
  which　progress　came　the　use　of　raw　pit…coal　and　the　Hot　Blastthe
  latter　one　of　the　greatest　discoveries　in　metallurgy　of　the　present
  age；　and；　above　every　other　process；　admirably　adapted　for　smelting
  the　Blackband　ironstone。〃　　From　the　introduction　of　this　process　the
  extraordinary　development　of　the　iron…manufacture　of　Scotland　may　be
  said　to　date；　and　we　accordingly　propose　to　devote　the　present
  chapter　to　an　account　of　its　meritorious　inventor。
  James　Beaumont　Neilson　was　born　at　Shettleston；　a　roadside　village
  about　three　miles　eastward　of　Glasgow；　on　the　22nd　of　June；　1792。　　His
  parents　belonged　to　the　working　class。　　His　father's　earnings　during
  many　laborious　years　of　his　life　did　not　exceed　sixteen　shillings　a
  week。　　He　had　been　bred　to　the　trade　of　a　mill…wright；　and　was　for
  some　time　in　the　employment　of　Dr。　Roebuck　as　an　engine…wright　at　his
  colliery　near　Boroughstoness。　　He　was　next　employed　in　a　like　capacity
  by　Mr。　Beaumont；　the　mineral…manager　of　the　collieries　of　Mrs。
  Cunningham　of　Lainshaw；　near　Irvine　in　Ayrshire；　after　which　he