第 15 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9319
  chalk   up   the    billets   for  his   soldiers   to   conquer   the     country。   Cf。   〃The
  History of Henry VII;〃 by Lord Bacon: 〃King Charles had conquered the
  realm of Naples; and lost it again; in a kind of a felicity of a dream。 He
  passed   the   whole   length   of   Italy   without   resistance:   so   that   it   was   true
  what   Pope   Alexander   was   wont   to   say:   That   the   Frenchmen   came   into
  Italy with chalk in their hands; to mark up their lodgings; rather than with
  swords to fight。〃
  I   wish    to   demonstrate       further    the   infelicity    of   these   arms。     The
  mercenary captains are either capable men or they are not; if they are; you
  cannot   trust   them;   because   they   always   aspire   to   their   own   greatness;
  either by oppressing you; who are their master; or others contrary to your
  intentions; but if the captain is not skilful; you are ruined in the usual way。
  And   if   it   be   urged   that   whoever   is   armed   will   act   in   the   same   way;
  whether mercenary or not; I reply that when arms have to be resorted to;
  either by a prince or a republic; then the prince ought to go in person and
  perform   the   duty   of   a   captain;   the   republic   has   to   send   its   citizens;   and
  when one is sent who does not turn out satisfactorily; it ought to recall him;
  and when one is worthy; to hold him by the laws so that he does not leave
  the   command。 And   experience   has   shown   princes   and   republics;   single…
  handed;      making     the   greatest    progress;     and   mercenaries       doing    nothing
  except damage; and it is more difficult to bring a republic; armed with its
  own   arms;   under   the   sway   of   one   of   its   citizens   than   it   is   to   bring   one
  armed   with   foreign   arms。   Rome   and   Sparta   stood   for   many   ages   armed
  and free。 The Switzers are completely armed and quite free。
  Of ancient mercenaries; for example; there are the Carthaginians; who
  were   oppressed   by   their   mercenary   soldiers   after   the   first   war   with   the
  Romans;  although   the   Carthaginians   had   their own   citizens   for   captains。
  54
  … Page 55…
  The Prince
  After the death of Epaminondas; Philip of Macedon was made captain of
  their soldiers by the Thebans; and after victory he took away their liberty。
  Duke     Filippo   being    dead;   the   Milanese    enlisted    Francesco     Sforza
  against     the    Venetians;     and    he;    having     overcome      the    enemy      at
  Caravaggio;'*' allied himself with them to crush the Milanese; his masters。
  His father; Sforza; having been engaged by Queen Johanna'+' of Naples;
  left her unprotected; so that she was forced to throw herself into the arms
  of the King of Aragon; in order to save her kingdom。 And if the Venetians
  and Florentines formerly extended their dominions by these arms; and yet
  their captains did not make themselves princes; but have defended them; I
  reply that the Florentines in this case have been favoured by chance; for of
  the able captains; of whom they might have stood in fear; some have not
  conquered;       some    have    been    opposed;     and   others    have   turned    their
  ambitions elsewhere。 One who did not conquer was Giovanni Acuto;'%'
  and since he did not conquer his fidelity cannot be proved; but every one
  will   acknowledge   that;   had   he   conquered;   the   Florentines   would         have
  stood at his discretion。 Sforza had the Bracceschi always against him; so
  they   watched   each   other。   Francesco   turned   his   ambition   to   Lombardy;
  Braccio against the Church and the kingdom of Naples。 But let us come to
  that which happened a short while ago。 The Florentines appointed as their
  captain Pagolo Vitelli; a most prudent man; who from a private position
  had risen to the greatest renown。 If this man had taken Pisa; nobody can
  deny  that   it   would   have   been proper   for the   Florentines   to keep   in   with
  him; for if he became the soldier of their enemies they had no means of
  resisting; and if they held to him they  must   obey him。 The Venetians;  if
  their achievements are considered; will be seen to have acted safely and
  gloriously so long   as they  sent to   war their  own men;  when with   armed
  gentlemen and plebians they did valiantly。 This was before they turned to
  enterprises on land; but when they began to fight on land they forsook this
  virtue   and   followed   the   custom   of   Italy。   And   in   the   beginning   of   their
  expansion on land; through not having much territory; and because of their
  great reputation; they had not much to fear from their captains; but when
  they expanded; as under Carmignuola;'#' they had a taste of this mistake;
  for; having found him a   most valiant man (they  beat the Duke of   Milan
  55
  … Page 56…
  The Prince
  under his leadership); and; on the other hand; knowing how lukewarm he
  was in the war; they feared they would no longer conquer under him; and
  for this reason they were not willing; nor were they able; to let him go; and
  so; not to lose again that which they had acquired; they were compelled; in
  order to secure themselves; to murder him。 They had afterwards for their
  captains Bartolomeo da Bergamo; Roberto da San Severino; the count of
  Pitigliano;'&'   and   the   like;   under   whom   they   had   to   dread   loss   and   not
  gain; as happened afterwards at Vaila;'' where in one battle they lost that
  which   in   eight   hundred   years   they   had   acquired   with   so   much   trouble。
  Because   from   such   arms   conquests   come   but   slowly;   long   delayed   and
  inconsiderable; but the losses sudden and portentous。
  '*' Battle of Caravaggio; 15th September 1448。
  '+' Johanna II of Naples; the widow of Ladislao; King of Naples。
  '%'   Giovanni   Acuto。   An   English   knight   whose   name   was   Sir   John
  Hawkwood。 He fought in the English wars in France; and was knighted by
  Edward III; afterwards he collected a body of troops and went into Italy。
  These became the famous 〃White Company。〃 He took part in many wars;
  and died in Florence in 1394。 He was born about 1320 at Sible Hedingham;
  a village in Essex。 He married Domnia; a daughter of Bernabo Visconti。
  '#' Carmignuola。 Francesco Bussone; born at Carmagnola about 1390;
  executed at Venice; 5th May 1432。
  '&'   Bartolomeo       Colleoni    of  Bergamo;     died   1457。    Roberto    of  San
  Severino; died fighting for Venice against Sigismund; Duke of Austria; in
  1487。 〃Primo capitano in Italia。〃Machiavelli。 Count of Pitigliano; Nicolo
  Orsini; born 1442; died 1510。
  '' Battle of Vaila in 1509。
  And as with these examples I have reached Italy; which has been ruled
  for many years by mercenaries; I wish to discuss them more seriously; in
  order that; having seen their rise and progress; one may be better prepared
  to   counteract   them。   You   must   understand   that   the   empire   has   recently
  come to be repudiated in Italy; that the Pope has acquired more temporal
  power; and that Italy has been divided up into more states; for the reason
  that   many   of   the   great   cities   took   up   arms   against   their   nobles;   who;
  formerly     favoured     by   the  emperor;     were   oppressing     them;    whilst   the
  56
  … Page 57…
  The Prince
  Church was favouring them so as to gain authority in temporal power: in
  many others their citizens became princes。 From this it came to pass that
  Italy   fell   partly   into   the   hands   of   the   Church   and   of   republics;   and;   the
  Church consisting of priests and the republic of citizens unaccustomed to
  arms; both commenced to enlist foreigners。
  The first who gave renown to this soldiery was Alberigo da Conio;'*'
  the    Romagnian。       From     the  school    of   this  man     sprang;    among     others;
  Braccio and Sforza; who in their time were the arbiters of Italy。 After these
  came all the other captains who till now have directed the arms of Italy;
  and   the   end   of   all   their   valour   has   been;   that   she   has   been   overrun   by
  Charles;   robbed       by   Louis;   ravaged     by   Ferdinand;     and   insulted    by   the
  Switzers。 The principle that has guided them has been; first; to lower the
  credit   of   infantry   so   that   they   might   increase   their   own。   They   did   this
  because; subsisting on their pay and without territory; they were unable to
  support many soldiers; and