第 14 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  them; and the states; although unguarded; are not taken from them; and the
  subjects; although not ruled; do not care; and they have neither the desire
  nor the ability to alienate themselves。 Such principalities only are secure
  and happy。 But being upheld by powers; to which the human mind cannot
  reach;     I  shall  speak     no   more    of   them;    because;    being    exalted    and
  maintained by God; it would be the act of a presumptuous and rash man to
  discuss them。
  Nevertheless;   if   any   one   should      ask   of   me   how   comes   it   that   the
  Church   has   attained   such   greatness   in   temporal   power;   seeing   that   from
  Alexander backwards the Italian potentates (not only those who have been
  called   potentates;   but   every   baron   and   lord;   though   the   smallest)   have
  valued     the   temporal     power    very    slightlyyet    now    a  king    of  France
  trembles before it; and it has been able to drive him from Italy; and to ruin
  the Venetiansalthough this may be very manifest; it does not appear to
  me superfluous to recall it in some measure to memory。
  Before Charles; King of France; passed into Italy;'*' this country was
  under   the   dominion   of   the   Pope;   the   Venetians;   the   King   of   Naples;   the
  Duke   of   Milan;   and   the   Florentines。  These   potentates   had   two   principal
  anxieties:   the   one;   that   no   foreigner   should   enter   Italy   under   arms;   the
  other;   that   none   of   themselves   should   seize   more   territory。   Those   about
  whom   there   was   the   most   anxiety   were   the   Pope   and   the   Venetians。   To
  restrain the Venetians the union of all the others was necessary; as it was
  for the defence of Ferrara; and to keep down the Pope they made use of
  the   barons   of   Rome;   who;   being   divided   into   two   factions;   Orsini   and
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  Colonnesi; had always a pretext for disorder; and; standing with arms in
  their   hands   under   the   eyes   of   the   Pontiff;   kept   the   pontificate   weak   and
  powerless。 And although there might arise sometimes a courageous pope;
  such   as   Sixtus;   yet   neither   fortune   nor   wisdom   could   rid   him   of   these
  annoyances。 And the short life of a pope is also a cause of weakness; for in
  the ten years; which is the average life of a pope; he can with difficulty
  lower one of the factions; and if; so to speak; one people should  almost
  destroy   the   Colonnesi;   another   would          arise   hostile   to  the   Orsini;   who
  would support their  opponents;  and   yet   would   not   have   time  to   ruin   the
  Orsini。  This   was   the   reason   why   the   temporal   powers   of   the   pope   were
  little esteemed in Italy。
  '*' Charles VIII invaded Italy in 1494。
  Alexander the Sixth arose afterwards; who of all the pontiffs that have
  ever   been   showed   how   a   pope   with   both   money   and   arms   was   able   to
  prevail;   and   through   the   instrumentality   of   the   Duke   Valentino;   and   by
  reason of the entry of the French; he brought about all those things which I
  have     discussed     above     in  the   actions    of   the  duke。    And     although     his
  intention   was   not   to   aggrandize   the   Church;   but   the   duke;   nevertheless;
  what he   did   contributed   to   the  greatness   of  the   Church;  which;   after   his
  death and the ruin of the duke; became the heir to all his labours。
  Pope Julius came afterwards and found the Church strong; possessing
  all the Romagna; the barons of Rome reduced to impotence; and; through
  the chastisements of Alexander; the factions wiped out; he also found the
  way   open   to   accumulate   money   in   a   manner   such   as   had   never   been
  practised   before Alexander's   time。   Such   things   Julius   not   only  followed;
  but improved upon; and he intended to gain Bologna; to ruin the Venetians;
  and to drive the French out of Italy。 All of these enterprises prospered with
  him; and so much the more to his credit; inasmuch as he did everything to
  strengthen the Church and not any private person。 He kept also the Orsini
  and   Colonnesi   factions   within   the   bounds   in   which   he   found   them;   and
  although       there   was     among      them    some     mind     to   make     disturbance;
  nevertheless he held two things firm: the one; the greatness of the Church;
  with   which   he   terrified   them;   and   the   other;   not   allowing   them   to   have
  their own cardinals; who caused the disorders among them。 For whenever
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  these   factions   have   their   cardinals   they   do   not   remain   quiet   for   long;
  because cardinals foster the factions in Rome and out of it; and the barons
  are   compelled   to   support   them;   and   thus   from   the   ambitions   of   prelates
  arise    disorders    and   tumults    among     the   barons。   For   these   reasons    his
  Holiness Pope Leo'*' found the pontificate most powerful; and it is to be
  hoped that; if others made it great in arms; he will make it still greater and
  more venerated by his goodness and infinite other virtues。
  '*' Pope Leo X was the Cardinal de' Medici。
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  CHAPTER XII
  HOW MANY KINDS OF SOLDIERY THERE ARE; AND
  CONCERNING MERCENARIES
  Having      discoursed      particularly     on   the    characteristics     of   such
  principalities     as  in  the   beginning     I  proposed     to  discuss;   and   having
  considered   in   some   degree   the   causes   of   their   being   good   or   bad;   and
  having shown   the methods by which   many have   sought to   acquire them
  and to hold them; it now remains for me to discuss generally the means of
  offence and defence which belong to each of them。
  We   have   seen   above   how   necessary   it   is   for   a   prince   to   have   his
  foundations well laid; otherwise it follows of necessity he will go to ruin。
  The chief foundations of all states; new as well as old or composite; are
  good   laws   and   good   arms;   and   as   there   cannot   be   good   laws   where   the
  state   is   not   well   armed;   it   follows   that   where   they   are   well   armed   they
  have good laws。 I shall leave the laws out of the discussion and shall speak
  of the arms。
  I say; therefore; that the arms with which a prince defends his state are
  either his own; or they are mercenaries; auxiliaries; or mixed。 Mercenaries
  and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds his state based
  on these arms; he will stand neither firm nor safe; for they are disunited;
  ambitious;      and   without     discipline;   unfaithful;    valiant    before    friends;
  cowardly before enemies; they have neither the fear of God nor fidelity to
  men; and destruction is deferred only so long as the attack is; for in peace
  one is robbed by them; and in war by the enemy。 The fact is; they have no
  other   attraction   or   reason   for   keeping   the   field   than   a   trifle   of   stipend;
  which is not sufficient to make them willing to die for you。 They are ready
  enough to be your soldiers whilst you do not make war; but if war comes
  they  take   themselves   off   or   run   from  the   foe;   which   I   should   have   little
  trouble to prove; for the ruin of Italy has been caused by nothing else than
  by resting all her hopes for many years on mercenaries; and although they
  formerly made some display and appeared valiant amongst themselves; yet
  when the foreigners came they showed what they were。 Thus it was that
  Charles; King of France; was allowed to seize Italy with chalk in hand;'*'
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  and he who told us that our sins were the cause of it told the truth; but they
  were not the sins he imagined; but those which I have related。 And as they
  were   the   sins   of   princes;   it   is   the   princes   who   have   also   suffered   the
  penalty。
  '*' 〃With chalk in hand;〃 〃col gesso。〃 This is one of the bons mots of
  Alexander VI; and refers to the ease with which Charles VIII seized Italy;
  implying that it was only necessary for him to send his quartermasters to
  chalk   up   the    billets   for  his   soldiers   to   conquer   the     country。   Cf。   〃The
  History of Henry VII;〃 by Lord Bacon