第 9 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  To these great examples I wish to add a lesser one; still it bears some
  resemblance to them; and I wish it to suffice me for all of a like kind: it is
  Hiero the Syracusan。'*' This man rose from a private station to be Prince
  of Syracuse; nor did he; either; owe anything to fortune but opportunity;
  for    the   Syracusans;      being   oppressed;      chose    him    for   their  captain;
  afterwards   he   was   rewarded   by   being   made   their   prince。   He   was   of   so
  great ability; even as a private citizen; that one who writes of him says he
  wanted nothing but a kingdom to be a king。 This man abolished the old
  soldiery; organized the new; gave up old alliances; made new ones; and as
  he   had   his   own   soldiers   and   allies;   on   such   foundations   he   was   able   to
  build any edifice: thus; whilst he had endured much trouble in acquiring;
  he had but little in keeping。
  '*' Hiero II; born about 307 B。C。; died 216 B。C。
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  CHAPTER VII
  CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE
  ACQUIRED EITHER BY THE ARMS OF OTHERS OR BY GOOD
  FORTUNE
  Those who solely by good fortune become princes from being private
  citizens have little trouble in rising; but much in keeping atop; they have
  not any difficulties on the way up; because they fly; but they have many
  when they reach the summit。 Such are those to whom some state is given
  either for money or by the favour of him who bestows it; as happened to
  many in Greece; in the cities of Ionia and of the Hellespont; where princes
  were made by Darius; in order that they might hold the cities both for his
  security and his glory; as also were those emperors who; by the corruption
  of   the   soldiers;   from   being   citizens   came   to   empire。   Such   stand   simply
  elevated upon the goodwill and the fortune of him who has elevated them…
  …two     most    inconstant     and   unstable    things。    Neither    have    they   the
  knowledge requisite for the position; because; unless they are men of great
  worth and ability; it is not reasonable to expect that they should know how
  to   command;   having   always   lived   in   a   private   condition;   besides;   they
  cannot hold it because they have not forces which they can keep friendly
  and faithful。
  States that rise unexpectedly; then; like all other things in nature which
  are    born    and    grow     rapidly;   cannot     leave    their   foundations      and
  correspondencies'*'   fixed        in  such   a  way   that  the  first  storm   will  not
  overthrow      them;    unless;   as  is  said;  those   who    unexpectedly      become
  princes    are  men    of  so   much    ability  that  they   know    they   have   to  be
  prepared at once to hold that which fortune has thrown into their laps; and
  that   those   foundations;   which     others   have   laid   BEFORE      they   became
  princes; they must lay AFTERWARDS。
  '*'   〃Le   radici   e   corrispondenze;〃   their   roots   (i。e。   foundations)   and
  correspondencies   or   relations   with   other   statesa   common   meaning   of
  〃correspondence〃 and 〃correspondency〃 in the sixteenth and seventeenth
  centuries。
  Concerning   these   two   methods   of   rising   to   be   a   prince   by   ability   or
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  fortune; I wish to adduce two examples within our own recollection; and
  these   are   Francesco   Sforza'*'   and   Cesare   Borgia。   Francesco;   by   proper
  means and with great ability; from being a private person rose to be Duke
  of Milan; and that which he had acquired with a thousand anxieties he kept
  with little trouble。 On the other hand; Cesare Borgia; called by the people
  Duke Valentino; acquired his state during the ascendancy of his father; and
  on its decline he lost it; notwithstanding that he had taken every measure
  and done all that ought to be done by a wise and able man to fix firmly his
  roots in the states which the arms and fortunes of others had bestowed on
  him。
  '*' Francesco Sforza; born 1401; died 1466。 He married Bianca Maria
  Visconti;   a   natural   daughter   of   Filippo   Visconti;   the   Duke   of   Milan;   on
  whose death he procured his own elevation to the duchy。 Machiavelli was
  the  accredited   agent   of   the   Florentine   Republic   to   Cesare   Borgia   (1478…
  1507)   during   the   transactions   which   led   up   to   the   assassinations   of   the
  Orsini and Vitelli at   Sinigalia; and   along with his letters to his   chiefs in
  Florence he has left an account; written ten years before 〃The Prince;〃 of
  the proceedings of the duke in his 〃Descritione del modo tenuto dal duca
  Valentino nello ammazzare Vitellozzo Vitelli;〃 etc。; a translation of which
  is appended to the present work。
  Because; as is stated above; he who has not first laid his foundations
  may be able with great ability to lay them afterwards; but they will be laid
  with trouble to the architect and danger to the building。 If; therefore; all
  the steps taken by the duke be considered; it will be seen that he laid solid
  foundations for his future power; and I do not consider it superfluous to
  discuss them; because I do not know what better precepts to give a new
  prince than the example of his actions; and if his dispositions were of no
  avail; that was not his fault; but the extraordinary and extreme malignity of
  fortune。
  Alexander the Sixth; in wishing to aggrandize the duke; his son; had
  many   immediate   and   prospective   difficulties。   Firstly;   he   did   not   see   his
  way to make him master of any state that was not a state of the Church;
  and if he was willing to rob the Church he knew that the Duke of Milan
  and   the   Venetians   would   not   consent;   because   Faenza   and   Rimini   were
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  already   under   the   protection   of   the   Venetians。   Besides   this;   he   saw   the
  arms of Italy; especially those by which he might have been assisted;  in
  hands that would fear the aggrandizement of the Pope; namely; the Orsini
  and the Colonnesi and their following。 It behoved him; therefore; to upset
  this state of affairs and embroil the powers; so as to make himself securely
  master   of   part   of   their   states。   This   was   easy   for   him   to   do;   because   he
  found the Venetians; moved by other reasons; inclined to bring back the
  French into Italy; he would not only not oppose this; but he would render
  it more easy by dissolving the former marriage of King Louis。 Therefore
  the   king   came   into   Italy   with   the   assistance   of   the   Venetians   and   the
  consent   of   Alexander。   He   was   no   sooner   in   Milan   than   the   Pope   had
  soldiers from him for the attempt on the Romagna; which yielded to him
  on   the   reputation   of   the   king。   The   duke;   therefore;   having   acquired   the
  Romagna   and   beaten   the   Colonnesi;   while   wishing   to   hold   that   and   to
  advance further; was hindered by two things: the one; his forces did not
  appear loyal   to him;  the other;  the   goodwill of   France: that is to say;  he
  feared that the forces of the Orsini; which he was using; would not stand to
  him; that not only might they hinder him from winning more; but might
  themselves   seize   what   he   had   won;   and   that   the   king   might   also   do   the
  same。   Of   the   Orsini   he   had   a   warning   when;   after   taking   Faenza   and
  attacking Bologna; he saw them go very unwillingly to that attack。 And as
  to the king; he learned his mind when he himself; after taking the Duchy
  of   Urbino;   attacked   Tuscany;   and   the   king   made   him   desist   from   that
  undertaking; hence the duke decided to depend no more upon the arms and
  the luck of others。
  For   the   first   thing   he   weakened   the   Orsini   and   Colonnesi   parties   in
  Rome;   by   gaining   to   himself   all   their   adherents   who   were   gentlemen;
  making them his gentlemen; giving them good pay; and; according to their
  rank;   honouring   them  with   office   and   command   in such   a   way  that   in   a
  few     months     all  attachment      to   the   factions    was    destroyed     and    turned
  entirely   to   the   duke。   After   this   he   awaited   an   opportunity   to   crush   the
  Orsini; having scattered the adherents of the Colonna house。 This came to
  him soon and he used it well; for the Orsini; perceiving at length that the
  a