第 8 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  dismantled them; and did not lose them。 They wished to hold Greece as
  the   Spartans   held   it;   making   it   free   and   permitting   its   laws;   and   did   not
  succeed。 So to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities in the
  country; for in truth there is no safe way to retain them otherwise than by
  ruining    them。    And    he  who    becomes     master    of  a  city  accustomed      to
  freedom and does not destroy it; may expect to be destroyed by it; for in
  rebellion it has always the watchword of liberty and its ancient privileges
  as   a   rallying   point;  which neither   time   nor   benefits   will   ever   cause it   to
  forget。 And whatever you may do or provide against; they never forget that
  name or their privileges unless they are disunited or dispersed; but at every
  chance they immediately rally to them; as Pisa after the hundred years she
  had been held in bondage by the Florentines。
  But when cities or countries are accustomed to live under a prince; and
  his   family   is   exterminated;   they;   being   on   the   one   hand   accustomed   to
  obey   and   on   the   other   hand   not   having   the   old   prince;   cannot   agree   in
  making   one   from   amongst   themselves;   and   they   do   not   know   how   to
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  govern themselves。 For this reason they are very slow to take up arms; and
  a prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily。 But
  in   republics   there   is   more   vitality;   greater   hatred;   and   more   desire   for
  vengeance;   which   will   never   permit   them   to   allow   the   memory   of   their
  former liberty to rest; so that the safest way is to destroy them or to reside
  there。
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  CHAPTER VI
  CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE
  ACQUIRED BY ONE'S OWN ARMS AND ABILITY
  Let no one be surprised if; in speaking of entirely new principalities as
  I   shall   do;   I   adduce   the   highest   examples   both   of   prince   and   of   state;
  because     men;    walking     almost   always     in  paths   beaten   by   others;   and
  following by imitation their deeds; are yet unable to keep entirely to the
  ways of   others or   attain to   the power of   those they  imitate。 A  wise   man
  ought always to follow the paths beaten by great men; and to imitate those
  who have been supreme; so that if his ability does not equal theirs; at least
  it will savour of it。 Let him act like the clever archers who; designing to hit
  the   mark   which   yet   appears   too   far   distant;   and   knowing   the   limits   to
  which   the   strength   of   their   bow   attains;   take   aim   much   higher   than   the
  mark; not to reach by their strength or arrow to so great a height; but to be
  able with the aid of so high an aim to hit the mark they wish to reach。
  I say; therefore; that in entirely new principalities; where there is a new
  prince;   more   or   less   difficulty   is   found   in   keeping   them;   accordingly   as
  there is more or less ability in him who has acquired the state。 Now; as the
  fact of becoming a prince from a private station presupposes either ability
  or fortune; it is clear that one or other of these things will mitigate in some
  degree many difficulties。 Nevertheless; he who has relied least on fortune
  is established the strongest。 Further; it facilitates matters when the prince;
  having no other state; is compelled to reside there in person。
  But to come to those who; by their own ability and not through fortune;
  have risen to be princes; I say that Moses; Cyrus; Romulus; Theseus; and
  such   like   are   the   most   excellent   examples。   And   although   one   may   not
  discuss Moses; he having been a mere executor of the will of God; yet he
  ought to   be   admired;   if   only  for   that   favour   which   made   him  worthy  to
  speak with God。 But in considering Cyrus and others who have acquired
  or founded kingdoms; all will be found admirable; and if their particular
  deeds and conduct shall be considered; they will not be found inferior to
  those of Moses; although he had so great a preceptor。 And in examining
  their actions and lives one cannot see that they owed anything to fortune
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  beyond   opportunity;   which   brought   them   the   material   to   mould   into   the
  form which seemed best to them。 Without that opportunity their powers of
  mind     would     have    been    extinguished;      and   without     those   powers     the
  opportunity would have come in vain。
  It was necessary; therefore; to Moses that he should find the people of
  Israel in Egypt enslaved and oppressed by the Egyptians; in order that they
  should be disposed to follow him so as to be delivered out of bondage。 It
  was necessary that Romulus should not remain in Alba; and that he should
  be abandoned at his birth; in order that he should become King of Rome
  and founder of the fatherland。 It was necessary that Cyrus should find the
  Persians discontented with the government of the Medes; and the Medes
  soft   and   effeminate   through   their   long   peace。   Theseus   could   not   have
  shown      his   ability   had   he   not   found    the   Athenians     dispersed。     These
  opportunities; therefore; made those men fortunate; and their high ability
  enabled   them   to     recognize   the   opportunity   whereby   their   country   was
  ennobled and made famous。
  Those who by valorous ways become princes; like these men; acquire
  a  principality  with difficulty;   but   they  keep   it   with   ease。 The  difficulties
  they   have   in   acquiring   it   rise   in   part   from   the   new   rules   and   methods
  which   they  are  forced   to   introduce  to   establish   their  government   and   its
  security。    And    it  ought    to  be   remembered       that  there   is  nothing     more
  difficult to take in hand; more perilous to conduct; or more uncertain in its
  success; then to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things。
  Because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under
  the   old   conditions;   and   lukewarm   defenders   in   those   who   may   do   well
  under the new。 This coolness arises partly from fear of the opponents; who
  have the laws on their side; and partly from the incredulity of men; who do
  not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of
  them。     Thus    it  happens    that  whenever      those   who    are   hostile   have   the
  opportunity   to   attack   they   do   it   like   partisans;   whilst   the   others   defend
  lukewarmly; in such wise that the prince is endangered along with them。
  It is necessary; therefore; if we desire to discuss this matter thoroughly;
  to   inquire   whether   these   innovators   can   rely   on   themselves   or   have   to
  depend on others: that is to say; whether; to consummate their enterprise;
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  have they to use prayers or can they use force? In the first instance they
  always   succeed   badly;   and   never   compass   anything;   but   when   they   can
  rely on themselves and use force; then they are rarely endangered。 Hence
  it is that all armed prophets have conquered; and the unarmed ones have
  been destroyed。 Besides the reasons mentioned; the nature of the people is
  variable; and whilst it is easy to persuade them; it is difficult to fix them in
  that persuasion。 And thus it is necessary to take such measures that; when
  they believe no longer; it may be possible to make them believe by force。
  If Moses; Cyrus; Theseus; and Romulus had been unarmed they could
  not have enforced their constitutions for longas happened in our time to
  Fra  Girolamo   Savonarola;   who   was   ruined   with   his   new   order  of   things
  immediately the multitude believed in him no longer; and he had no means
  of keeping steadfast those who believed or of making the unbelievers to
  believe。 Therefore such as these have great difficulties in   consummating
  their enterprise; for all their dangers are in the ascent; yet with ability they
  will overcome them; but when these are overcome; and those who envied
  them their success are exterminated; they will begin to be respected; and
  they will continue afterwards powerful; secure; honoured; and happy。
  To these great examples I wish to add a lesser one; still