第 2 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  successful issue; as he did many of his other adventures; owing chiefly to
  his impetuous character。 It is in reference to Pope Julius that Machiavelli
  moralizes on the resemblance between Fortune and women; and concludes
  that it is the bold rather than the cautious man that will win and hold them
  both。
  It is impossible to follow here the varying fortunes of the Italian states;
  which     in   1507    were   controlled     by   France;    Spain;    and   Germany;      with
  results that   have   lasted   to   our   day;   we   are   concerned   with   those   events;
  and with the three great actors in them; so far only as they impinge on the
  personality   of   Machiavelli。   He   had   several   meetings   with   Louis   XII   of
  France;   and   his   estimate   of   that   monarch's   character   has   already   been
  alluded to。 Machiavelli has painted Ferdinand of Aragon as the man who
  accomplished great things under the cloak of religion; but who in reality
  had   no   mercy;   faith;   humanity;   or   integrity;   and   who;   had   he   allowed
  himself   to be   influenced by  such   motives;  would   have been   ruined。 The
  Emperor Maximilian was one of the most interesting men of the age; and
  his character has been drawn by many hands; but Machiavelli; who was an
  envoy at his court in 1507…8; reveals the secret of his many failures when
  he describes him as a secretive man; without force of characterignoring
  the human agencies necessary to carry his schemes into effect; and never
  insisting on the fulfilment of his wishes。
  The   remaining   years   of   Machiavelli's   official   career   were   filled   with
  events arising out of the League of Cambrai; made in 1508 between the
  three   great   European   powers   already   mentioned   and   the   pope;   with   the
  object of crushing the Venetian Republic。 This result was attained in the
  battle of Vaila; when Venice lost in one day all that she had won in eight
  hundred   years。   Florence   had   a   difficult   part   to   play  during   these   events;
  complicated as they were by the feud which broke out between the pope
  and   the   French;   because   friendship   with   France   had   dictated   the   entire
  policy of the Republic。 When; in 1511; Julius II finally formed the Holy
  League   against   France;   and   with   the   assistance   of   the   Swiss   drove   the
  French   out   of   Italy;   Florence   lay   at   the   mercy   of   the   Pope;   and   had   to
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  submit to his terms; one of which was that the Medici should be restored。
  The   return   of   the   Medici   to   Florence   on   1st   September   1512;   and   the
  consequent       fall  of   the  Republic;     was    the   signal   for  the   dismissal     of
  Machiavelli and his friends; and thus put an end to his public career; for; as
  we have seen; he died without regaining office。
  LITERATURE AND DEATH Aet。 43…581512…27
  On   the   return   of   the   Medici;   Machiavelli;   who   for   a   few   weeks   had
  vainly hoped to retain his office under the new masters of Florence; was
  dismissed by decree dated 7th November 1512。 Shortly after this he was
  accused      of   complicity     in  an   abortive    conspiracy      against    the   Medici;
  imprisoned; and put to the question by torture。 The new Medicean people;
  Leo   X;   procured   his   release;   and   he   retired   to  his   small   property  at   San
  Casciano; near Florence; where he devoted himself to literature。 In a letter
  to   Francesco      Vettori;   dated    13th   December       1513;    he   has   left  a  very
  interesting     description     of  his   life  at  this  period;    which    elucidates     his
  methods   and   his   motives   in   writing   〃The   Prince。〃   After   describing   his
  daily occupations with his family and neighbours; he writes: 〃The evening
  being come; I return home and go to my study; at the entrance I pull off
  my peasant… clothes; covered with dust and dirt; and put on my noble court
  dress; and thus becomingly re…clothed I pass into the ancient courts of the
  men of   old;   where;   being lovingly  received   by  them;   I   am  fed   with   that
  food which is mine alone; where I do not hesitate to speak with them; and
  to ask for the reason of their actions; and they in their benignity answer me;
  and for four hours I feel no weariness; I forget every trouble; poverty does
  not   dismay;   death   does   not   terrify   me;   I   am  possessed   entirely  by   those
  great men。 And because Dante says:
  Knowledge doth come of learning well retained; Unfruitful else;
  I   have   noted   down   what   I   have   gained   from   their   conversation;   and
  have composed a small work on 'Principalities;' where I pour myself out as
  fully as I can in meditation on the subject; discussing what a principality is;
  what   kinds   there   are;   how   they   can   be   acquired;   how   they   can   be   kept;
  why they are lost: and if any of my fancies ever pleased you; this ought
  not to displease you: and to a prince; especially to a new one; it should be
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  welcome:   therefore   I   dedicate   it   to   his   Magnificence   Giuliano。   Filippo
  Casavecchio has seen it; he will be able to tell you what is in it; and of the
  discourses   I   have   had   with   him;   nevertheless;   I   am   still   enriching   and
  polishing it。〃
  The 〃little book〃 suffered many vicissitudes before attaining the form
  in which it has reached us。 Various mental influences were at work during
  its composition; its title and patron were changed; and for some unknown
  reason      it  was    finally   dedicated      to  Lorenzo      de'   Medici。     Although
  Machiavelli       discussed    with   Casavecchio       whether     it  should   be   sent  or
  presented in person to the patron; there is no evidence that Lorenzo ever
  received      or  even    read    it:  he  certainly    never    gave    Machiavelli      any
  employment。   Although   it   was   plagiarized   during   Machiavelli's   lifetime;
  〃The Prince〃 was never published by him; and its text is still disputable。
  Machiavelli concludes his letter to Vettori thus: 〃And as to this little
  thing   'his   book';   when   it   has   been   read   it   will   be   seen   that   during   the
  fifteen years I have given to the study of statecraft I have neither slept nor
  idled; and men ought ever to desire to be served by one who has reaped
  experience at the expense of others。 And of my loyalty none could doubt;
  because having always kept faith I could not now learn how to break it; for
  he who has been faithful and honest; as I have; cannot change his nature;
  and my poverty is a witness to my honesty。〃
  Before Machiavelli had got 〃The Prince〃 off his hands he commenced
  his 〃Discourse on the First Decade of Titus Livius;〃 which should be read
  concurrently with 〃The Prince。〃 These and several minor works occupied
  him   until   the   year   1518;   when   he   accepted   a   small   commission   to   look
  after   the   affairs  of   some    Florentine    merchants      at  Genoa。    In  1519    the
  Medicean   rulers   of   Florence   granted   a   few   political   concessions   to   her
  citizens;     and    Machiavelli      with    others    was    consulted     upon     a   new
  constitution under which the Great Council was to be restored; but on one
  pretext or another it was not promulgated。
  In 1520 the Florentine merchants again had recourse to Machiavelli to
  settle their difficulties with Lucca; but this year was chiefly remarkable for
  his   re…entry   into   Florentine   literary   society;   where   he   was   much   sought
  after; and also for the production of his 〃Art of War。〃 It was in the same
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  year that he received a commission at the instance of Cardinal de' Medici
  to write the 〃History of Florence;〃 a task which occupied him until 1525。
  His return to popular favour may have determined the Medici to give him
  this employment; for an old writer observes that 〃an able statesman out of
  work; like a huge whale; will endeavour to overturn the ship unless he has
  an empty cask to play with。〃
  When   the  〃History  of   Florence〃   was   finished;  Machiavelli   took it   to
  Rome for presentation to his patron; Giuliano de' Medici; who had in the
  meanwhile   become   pope   under   the   title   of   Clement   VII。   It   is   somewhat
  remarkable that; as; in 1513; Machiavelli had written 〃The Prince〃 for the
  instruct