第 1 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  The Prince
  The Prince
  by Nicolo Machiavelli
  Translated by W。 K。 Marriott
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  The Prince
  Nicolo Machiavelli; born at Florence on 3rd May 1469。 From 1494 to
  1512 held an official post at Florence which included diplomatic missions
  to various European courts。 Imprisoned in Florence; 1512; later exiled and
  returned to San Casciano。 Died at Florence on 22nd June 1527。
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  The Prince
  INTRODUCTION
  Nicolo Machiavelli was born at Florence on 3rd May 1469。 He was the
  second son of Bernardo di Nicolo Machiavelli; a lawyer of some repute;
  and     of  Bartolommea        di  Stefano    Nelli;   his   wife。   Both    parents    were
  members of the old Florentine nobility。
  His   life   falls   naturally   into   three   periods;   each   of   which   singularly
  enough constitutes a distinct and important era in the history of Florence。
  His   youth   was   concurrent   with   the   greatness   of   Florence   as   an   Italian
  power     under    the   guidance    of   Lorenzo     de'  Medici;    Il  Magnifico。     The
  downfall      of  the  Medici     in  Florence    occurred     in  1494;   in  which     year
  Machiavelli entered the public service。 During his official career Florence
  was   free   under   the   government   of   a   Republic;   which   lasted   until   1512;
  when the Medici returned to power; and Machiavelli lost his office。 The
  Medici again ruled Florence from 1512 until 1527; when they were once
  more driven out。 This was the period of Machiavelli's literary activity and
  increasing influence; but he died; within a few weeks of the expulsion of
  the   Medici;   on   22nd   June   1527;   in   his   fifty…eighth   year;   without   having
  regained office。
  YOUTH Aet。 1…251469…94
  Although      there   is  little  recorded   of   the  youth    of  Machiavelli;     the
  Florence of those days is so well known that the early environment of this
  representative       citizen   may     be   easily    imagined。     Florence      has   been
  described as a city with two opposite currents of life; one directed by the
  fervent     and   austere    Savonarola;      the   other   by   the   splendour…     loving
  Lorenzo。   Savonarola's   influence   upon   the   young   Machiavelli   must   have
  been slight; for although at one time he wielded immense power over the
  fortunes   of   Florence;   he   only   furnished   Machiavelli   with   a   subject   of   a
  gibe   in   〃The   Prince;〃   where   he   is   cited   as   an   example   of   an   unarmed
  prophet     who     came    to  a  bad    end。   Whereas     the   magnificence       of  the
  Medicean   rule   during   the   life   of   Lorenzo   appeared   to   have   impressed
  Machiavelli strongly; for he frequently recurs to it in his writings; and it is
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  The Prince
  to Lorenzo's grandson that he dedicates 〃The Prince。〃
  Machiavelli;   in   his   〃History   of   Florence;〃   gives   us   a   picture   of   the
  young   men   among   whom   his   youth   was   passed。   He   writes:   〃They   were
  freer   than   their   forefathers   in   dress   and   living;   and   spent   more   in   other
  kinds of excesses; consuming their time and money in idleness; gaming;
  and women; their chief aim was to appear well dressed and to speak with
  wit   and   acuteness;   whilst   he   who   could   wound   others   the   most   cleverly
  was thought the wisest。〃 In a letter to his son Guido; Machiavelli shows
  why youth should avail itself of its opportunities for study; and leads us to
  infer that his own youth had been so occupied。 He writes: 〃I have received
  your letter; which has given me the greatest pleasure; especially because
  you tell me you are quite restored in health; than which I could have no
  better news; for if God grant life to you; and to me; I hope to make a good
  man of you if you are willing to do your share。〃 Then; writing of a new
  patron; he continues: 〃This will turn out well for you; but it is necessary
  for you to study; since; then; you have no longer the excuse of illness; take
  pains to study letters and music; for you see what honour is done to me for
  the little skill I have。 Therefore; my son; if you wish to please me; and to
  bring success and honour to yourself; do right and study; because others
  will help you if you help yourself。〃
  OFFICE Aet。 25…431494…1512
  The second period of Machiavelli's life was spent in the service of the
  free   Republic   of   Florence;   which   flourished;   as   stated   above;   from   the
  expulsion of the Medici in 1494 until their return in 1512。 After serving
  four years in one of the   public offices he was appointed Chancellor   and
  Secretary to the Second Chancery; the Ten of Liberty and Peace。 Here we
  are on firm ground when dealing with the events of Machiavelli's life; for
  during this time he took a leading part in the affairs of the Republic; and
  we have its decrees; records; and dispatches to guide us; as well as his own
  writings。     A   mere   recapitulation     of  a  few   of  his  transactions     with   the
  statesmen and soldiers of his time gives a fair indication of his activities;
  and     supplies    the  sources     from    which    he   drew    the   experiences     and
  characters which illustrate 〃The Prince。〃
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  His first mission was in 1499 to Catherina Sforza; 〃my lady of Forli〃
  of 〃The Prince;〃 from whose conduct and fate he drew the moral that it is
  far better to earn the confidence of the people than to rely on fortresses。
  This is a very noticeable principle in Machiavelli; and is urged by him in
  many ways as a matter of vital importance to princes。
  In   1500   he   was   sent   to   France   to   obtain   terms   from   Louis   XII   for
  continuing   the  war   against   Pisa: this   king   it   was   who;  in   his   conduct   of
  affairs in Italy; committed the five capital errors in statecraft summarized
  in   〃The   Prince;〃   and   was   consequently  driven   out。   He;  also;  it   was   who
  made      the  dissolution     of   his  marriage     a  condition     of   support    to  Pope
  Alexander VI; which leads Machiavelli to refer those who urge that such
  promises   should   be   kept   to   what   he   has   written   concerning   the   faith   of
  princes。
  Machiavelli's public life was largely occupied with events arising out
  of   the   ambitions   of   Pope Alexander   VI   and   his   son;   Cesare   Borgia;   the
  Duke   Valentino;   and   these   characters   fill   a   large   space   of   〃The   Prince。〃
  Machiavelli never hesitates to cite the actions of the duke for the benefit of
  usurpers who wish to keep the states they have seized; he can; indeed; find
  no   precepts   to   offer   so   good   as   the   pattern   of   Cesare   Borgia's   conduct;
  insomuch that Cesare is acclaimed by some critics as the 〃hero〃 of 〃The
  Prince。〃 Yet in 〃The Prince〃 the duke is in point of fact cited as a type of
  the man who rises on the fortune of others; and falls with them; who takes
  every  course that   might   be   expected   from  a   prudent   man   but the   course
  which   will   save   him;   who   is   prepared   for   all   eventualities   but   the   one
  which happens; and who; when all his abilities fail to carry him through;
  exclaims   that   it   was   not   his   fault;   but   an   extraordinary   and   unforeseen
  fatality。
  On   the   death   of   Pius   III;   in   1503;   Machiavelli   was   sent   to   Rome   to
  watch     the   election    of  his   successor;     and   there   he   saw    Cesare    Borgia
  cheated into allowing the choice of the College to fall on Giuliano delle
  Rovere (Julius II); who was one of the cardinals that had most reason to
  fear the duke。 Machiavelli; when commenting on this election; says that he
  who thinks new favours will cause great personages to forget old injuries
  deceives himself。 Julius did not rest until he had ruined Cesare。
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  It was to Julius II that Machiavelli was sent in 1506; when that pontiff
  was   commencing   his   enterprise   against   Bologna;   which   he   brought   to   a
  successful issue; as he did many of his other adventures; owing chiefly to
  his impetu