sublimated；　expression　of　the　same　barbarian　frame　of　mind。　The
  barbarian　culture　is　pragmatic；　utilitarian；　worldly　wise；　and
  its　learning　partakes　of　the　same　complexion。　The　barbarian；　late
  or　early；　is　typically　an　unmitigated　pragmatist；　that　is　the
  spiritual　trait　that　most　profoundly　marks　him　off　from　the
  savage　on　the　one　hand　and　from　the　civilized　man　on　the　other
  hand。　〃He　turns　a　keen；　untroubled　face　home　to　the　instant　need
  of　things。〃
  The　high　era　of　barbarism　in　Europe；　the　Dark　and　Middle
  Ages；　is　marked　off　from　what　went　before　and　from　what　has
  followed　in　the　cultural　sequence；　by　a　hard　and　fast　utilitarian
  animus。　The　all…dominating　spiritual　trait　of　those　times　is　that
  men　then　made　the　means　of　life　its　end。　It　is　perhaps　needless
  to　call　to　mind　that　much　of　this　animus　still　survives　in　later
  civilized　life；　especially　in　so　far　as　the　scheme　of　civilized
  life　is　embodied　in　the　competitive　system。　In　that　earlier　time；
  practical　sagacity　and　the　serviceability　of　any　knowledge
  acquired；　its　bearing　on　individual　advantage；　spiritual　or
  temporal；　was　the　ruling　consideration；　as　never　before　or　since。
  The　best　of　men　in　that　world　were　not　ashamed　to　avow　that　a
  boundless　solicitude　for　their　own　salvation　was　their　worthiest
  motive　of　conduct；　and　it　is　plain　in　all　their　speculations　that
  they　were　unable　to　accept　any　other　motive　or　sanction　as　final
  in　any　bearing。　Saint　and　sinner　alike　knew　no　higher　rule　than
  expediency；　for　this　world　and　the　next。　And；　for　that　matter；　so
  it　still　stands　with　the　saint　and　the　sinner；　　who　make　up
  much　of　the　commonplace　human　material　in　the　modern　community；
  although　both　the　saint　and　the　sinner　in　the　modern　community
  carry；　largely　by　shamefaced　subreption；　an　ever　increasing
  side…line　of　other　and　more　genial　interests　that　have　no　merit
  in　point　of　expediency　whether　for　this　world　or　the　next。
  Under　the　rule　of　such　a　cultural　ideal　the　corporation　of
  learning　could　not　well　take　any　avowed　stand　except　as　an
  establishment　for　utilitarian　instruction；　the　practical
  expediency　of　whose　work　was　the　sole　overt　test　of　its
  competency。　And　such　it　still　should　continue　to　be　according　to
  the　avowed　aspirations　of　the　staler　commonplace　elements　in　the
  community　today。　By　subreption；　and　by　a　sophisticated
  subsumption　under　some　ostensibly　practical　line　of　interest　and
  inquiry；　it　is　true；　the　university　men　of　the　earlier　time　spent
  much　of　their　best　endeavour　on　matters　of　disinterested
  scholarship　that　had　no　bearing　on　any　human　want　more　to　the
  point　than　an　idle　curiosity；　and　by　a　similar　turn　of　subreption
  and　sophistication　the　later　spokesmen　of　the　barbarian　ideal
  take　much　complacent　credit　for　the　〃triumphs　of　modern　science〃
  that　have　nothing　but　an　ostensible　bearing　on　any　matter　of
  practical　expediency；　and　they　look　to　the　universities　to
  continue　this　work　of　the　idle　curiosity　under　some　plausible
  pretext　of　practicality。
  So　the　university　of　that　era　unavoidably　came　to　be
  organized　as　a　more　or　less　comprehensive　federation　of
  professional　schools　or　faculties　devoted　to　such　branches　of
  practical　knowledge　as　the　ruling　utilitarian　interests　of　the
  time　demanded。　Under　this　overshadowing　barbarian　tradition　the
  universities　of　early　modern　times　started　out　as　an　avowed
  contrivance　for　indoctrination　in　the　ways　and　means　of
  salvation；　spiritual　and　temporal；　individual　and　collective；
  in　some　sort　a　school　of　engineering；　primarily　in　divinity；
  secondarily　in　law　and　politics；　and　presently　in　medicine　and
  also　in　the　other　professions　that　serve　a　recognized　utilitarian
  interest。　After　that　fashion　of　a　university　that　answered　to
  this　manner　of　ideals　and　aspirations　had　once　been　installed　and
  gained　a　secure　footing；　its　pattern　acquired　a　degree　of
  authenticity　and　prescription；　so　that　later　seminaries　of
  learning　came　unquestioningly　to　be　organized　on　the　same　lines；
  and　further　changes　of　academic　policy　and　practice；　such　as　are
  demanded　by　the　later　growth　of　cultural　interests　and　ideals；
  have　been　made　only　reluctantly　and　with　a　suspicious　reserve；
  gradually　and　by　a　circuitous　sophistication；　so　that　much　of　the
  non…utilitarian　scientific　and　scholarly　work　indispensable　to
  the　university's　survival　under　modern　conditions　is　still
  scheduled　under　the　faculties　of　law　or　medicine；　or　even　of
  divinity。
  But　the　human　propensity　for　inquiry　into　things；
  irrespective　of　use　or　expediency；　insinuated　itself　among　the
  expositors　of　worldly　wisdom　from　the　outset；　and　from　the　first
  this　quest　of　idle　learning　has　sought　shelter　in　the　university
  as　the　only　establishment　in　which　it　could　find　a　domicile；　even
  on　sufferance；　and　so　could　achieve　that　footing　of　consecutive
  intellectual　enterprise　running　through　successive　generations　of
  scholars　which　is　above　all　else　indispensable　to　the　advancement
  of　knowledge。　Under　the　r間ime　of　unmitigated　pragmatic　aims　that
  ruled　the　earlier　days　of　the　European　universities；　this　pursuit
  of　knowledge　for　its　own　sake　was　carried　on　as　a　work　of
  scholarly　supererogation　by　men　whose　ostensibly　sole　occupation
  was　the　promulgation　of　some　accredited　line　of　salutary
  information。　Frequently　it　had　to　be　carried　on　under　some
  colourable　masquerade　of　practicality。　And　yet　so　persistent　has
  the　spirit　of　idle　curiosity　proved　to　be；　and　so　consonant　with
  the　long…term　demands　even　of　the　laity；　that　the　dissimulation
  and　smuggling…in　of　disinterested　learning　has　gone　on　ever　more
  openly　and　at　an　ever　increasing　rate　of　gain；　until　in　the　end；
  the　attention　given　to　scholarship　and　the　non…utilitarian
  sciences　in　these　establishments　has　come　far　to　exceed　that
  given　to　the　practical　disciplines　for　which　the　several
  faculties　were　originally　installed。　As　time　has　passed　and　as
  successive　cultural　mutations　have　passed　over　the　community；
  shifting　the　centre　of　interest　and　bringing　new　ideals　of
  scholarship；　and　bringing　the　whole　cultural　fabric　nearer　to　its
  modern　complexion；　those　purposes　of　crass　expediency　that　were
  of　such　great　moment　and　were　so　much　a　matter　of　course　in
  earlier　academic　policy；　have　insensibly　fallen　to　the　rank　of
  incidentals。　And　what　had　once　been　incidental；　or　even　an　object
  of　surreptitious　tolerance　in　the　university；　remains　today　as
  the　only　unequivocal　duty　of　the　corporation　of　learning；　and
  stands　out　as　the　one　characteristic　trait　without　which　no
  establishment　can　claim　rank　as　a　university。
  Philosophy　　the　avowed　body　of　theoretical　science　in　the
  late　medieval　time　　had　grown　out　of　the　schoolmen's
  speculations　in　theology；　being　in　point　of　derivation　a　body　of
  refinements　on　the　divine　scheme　of　salvation；　and　with　a　view　to
  quiet　title；　and　to　make　manifest　their　devotion　to　the　greater
  good　of　eschatological　expediency；　those　ingenious　speculators
  were　content　to　proclaim　that　their　philosophy　is　the　handmaid　of
  theology　　Philosophia　theologiae　ancillans。　But　their
  philosophy　has　fallen　into　the　alembic　of　the　idle　curiosity　and
  has　given　rise　to　a　body　of　modern　science；　godless　and
  unpractical；　that　has　no　intended　or　even　ostensible　bearing　on
  the　religious　fortunes　of　mankind；　and　their　sanctimonious　maxim
  would　today　be　better　accepted　as　the　subject　of　a　limerick　than
  of　a　homily。　Except　in　degree；　the　fortunes　of　the　temporal
  pragmatic　disciplines；　in　Law　and　Medicine；　have　been　much　the
  same　as　that　of　their　elder　sister；　Theology。　Professionalism　and
  practical　serviceability　have　been　gradually　crowded　into　the
  background　of　academic　interests　and　overlaid　with
  quasi…utilitarian　research　　such　as　the　history　of
  jurisprudence；　comparative　physiology；　and　the　like。　They　have　in
  fact　largely　been　eliminated。（8*）
  And　changes　running　to　this　effect　have　gone　farthest　and
  have　taken　most　consistent　effect　in　those　communities　that　are
  most　fully　imbued　with　the　spirit　of　the　modern　peaceable
  civilization。　It　is　in　the　more　backward　communities　and　schools
  that　the　barbarian　animus　of　utilitarianism　still　maintains
  itself　most　nearly　intact；　whether　it　touches　matters　of　temporal
  or　of　spiritual　interest。　With　the　later　advance　of　culture；　as
  the　intellectual　interest　has　gradually　displaced　the　older
  ideals　in　men's　esteem；　and　barring　a　reactionary　episode　here
  an