inclusion　in　the　university　establishment。　Indeed；　it　is　a
  detriment　to　both　parties；　as　has　already　been　remarked；　but　more
  decidedly　to　the　university　men。　By　including　the　technical　and
  professional　schools　in　the　university　corporation　the
  technologists　and　professional　men　attached　to　these　schools　are
  necessarily　included　among　the　academic　staff；　and　so　they　come
  to　take　their　part　in　the　direction　of　academic　affairs　at　large。
  In　what　they　so　do　toward　shaping　the　academic　policy　they　will
  not　only　count　for　all　they　are　worth；　but　they　are　likely　to
  count　for　something　more　than　their　due　share　in　this　respect；
  for　they　are　to　some　extent　trained　to　the　conduct　of　affairs；
  and　so　come　in　for　something　of　that　deference　that　is　currently
  paid　to　men　of　affairs；　at　the　same　time　that　this　practical
  training　gives　them　an　advantage　over　their　purely　academic
  colleagues；　in　the　greater　assurance　and　adroitness　with　which
  they　are　able　to　present　their　contentions。　By　virtue　of　this
  same　training；　as　well　as　by　force　of　current　practical　interest；
  the　technologist　and　the　professional　man　are；　like　other　men　of
  affairs；　necessarily　and　habitually　impatient　of　any　scientific
  or　scholarly　work　that　does　not　obviously　lend　itself　to　some
  practical　use。　The　technologist　appreciates　what　is　mechanically
  serviceable；　the　professional　man；　as；　for　instance；　the　lawyer；
  appreciates　what　promises　pecuniary　gain；　and　the　two　unite　with
  the　business…man　at　large　in　repudiating　whatever　does　not　look
  directly　to　such　a　utilitarian　outcome。　So　that　as　members　of　the
  academic　staff　these　men　are　likely　to　count　at　their　full　weight
  toward　the　diversion　of　the　university's　forces　from
  disinterested　science　and　scholarship　to　such　palpably
  utilitarian　ends。
  But　the　active　measures　so　taken　by　the　academic　authorities
  at　the　instance　of　the　schoolmasters　and　〃practical〃　men　are　by
  no　means　the　only　line　along　which　their　presence　in　the　academic
  corporation　affects　the　case。　Intimate　association　with　these
  〃utilitarians〃　unavoidably　has　its　corrupting　effect　on　the
  scientists　and　scholars；　and　induces　in　them　also　something　of
  the　same　bias　toward　〃practical〃　results　in　their　work；　so　that
  they　no　longer　pursue　the　higher　learning　with　undivided
  interest；　but　with　more　or　less　of　an　eye　to　the　utilitarian　main
  chance；　whereby　the　advantages　of　specialization；　which　are　the
  reason　for　these　schools；　are　lost；　and　the　pride　of　the　modern
  community　is　wounded　in　its　most　sensitive　spot　　the　efficiency
  of　its　specialists。
  So　also；　on　the　other　hand；　the　formal　incorporation　of　these
  technological　and　professional　men　in　the　academic　body；　with　its
  professedly　single…minded　interest　in　learning；　has　its　effect　on
  their　frame　of　mind。　They　are；　without　intending　it；　placed　in　a
  false　position；　which　unavoidably　leads　them　to　court　a　specious
  appearance　of　scholarship；　and　so　to　invest　their　technological
  discipline　with　a　degree　of　pedantry　and　sophistication；　whereby
  it　is　hoped　to　give　these　schools　and　their　work　some　scientific
  and　scholarly　prestige；　and　so　lift　it　to　that　dignity　that　is
  pressed　to　attach　to　a　non…utilitarian　pursuit　of　learning。
  Doubtless　this　pursuit　of　scholarly　prestige　is　commonly
  successful；　to　the　extent　that　it　produces　the　desired　conviction
  of　awe　in　the　vulgar；　who　do　not　know　the　difference；　but　all
  this　make…believe　scholarship；　however　successfully　staged；　is
  not　what　these　schools　are　designed　for；　or　at　least　it　is　not
  what　is　expected　of　them；　nor　is　it　what　they　can　do　best　and
  most　efficiently。
  To　the　substantial　gain　of　both　parties；　though　with　some
  lesion　of　the　vanity　of　both；　the　separation　between　the
  university　and　the　professional　and　technical　schools　should　be
  carried　through　and　made　absolute。　Only　on　such　conditions　can
  either　the　one　or　the　other　do　its　own　work　in　a　workmanlike
  manner。　Within　the　university　precincts　any　aim　or　interest　other
  than　those　of　irresponsible　science　and　scholarship　　pursuit　of
  matter…of…fact　knowledge　　are　to　be　rated　as　interlopers。
  IV
  To　all　this　there　is　the　ready　objection　of　the　schoolmasters
  and　utilitarians　that　such　a　project　is　fantastic　and
  unpractical；　useless　and　undesirable；　that　such　has　not　been　the
  mission　of　the　university　in　the　past；　nor　its　accepted　place　and
  use　in　the　educational　system　of　today　and　yesterday；。　that　the
  universities　of　Christendom　have　from　their　first　foundation　been
  occupied　with　professional　training　and　useful　knowledge；　that
  they　have　been　founded　for　utilitarian　purposes　and　their　work
  has　been　guided　mainly　or　altogether　by　utilitarian
  considerations；　　all　of　which　is　conceded　without　argument。　The
  historical　argument　amounts　to　saying　that　the　universities　were
  founded　before　modern　civilization　took　on　its　modern　character；
  before　the　disinterested　pursuit　of　knowledge　had　come　to　take
  the　first　place　among　the　ideals　of　civilized　mankind；　and　that
  they　were　established　to　take　care　of　those　interests　which　were
  then　accounted　of　first　importance；　and　that　this　intellectual
  enterprise　in　pursuit　of　disinterested　knowledge　consequently　was
  not　at　that　time　confided　to　the　care　of　any　special
  establishment　or　freely　avowed　as　a　legitimate　interest　in　its
  own　right。
  It　is　true　that；　by　historical　accident；　the　university　at
  large　has　grown　out　of　professional　training…schools；　primarily
  schools　for　training　in　theology；　secondarily　in　law　and
  medicine。　It　is　also　true；　in　like　wise　and　in　like　degree；　that
  modern　science　and　scholarship　have　grown　out　of　the　technology
  of　handicraft　and　the　theological　philosophy　of　the
  schoolmen。（7*）　But　just　as　it　would　be　a　bootless　enterprise　to
  cut　modern　science　back　into　handicraft　technology；　so　would　it
  be　a　gratuitous　imbecility　to　prune　back　the　modern　university　to
  that　inchoate　phase　of　its　life…history　and　make　it　again　a
  corporation　for　the　training　of　theologians；　jurists　and　doctors
  of　medicine。　The　historical　argument　does　not　enjoin　a　return　to
  the　beginning　of　things；　but　rather　an　intelligent　appreciation
  of　what　things　are　coming　to。
  The　genesis　of　the　university　at　large；　taken　as　an
  institution　of　civilized　life；　is　an　incident　of　the　transition
  from　the　barbarian　culture　of　the　middle　ages　to　modern　times；
  and　its　later　growth　and　acquirement　of　character　is　an　incident
  of　the　further　growth　of　modern　civilization；　and　the　character
  of　this　later　growth　of　the　university　reflects　the　bent　of
  modern　civilization；　as　contrasted　with　the　barbarian　spirit　of
  things　in　the　mediaeval　spiritual　world。
  In　a　general　way；　the　place　of　the　university　in　the　culture
  of　Christendom　is　still　substantially　the　same　as　it　has　been
  from　the　beginning。　Ideally；　and　in　the　popular　apprehension；　it
  is；　as　it　has　always　been；　a　corporation　for　the　cultivation　and
  care　of　the　community's　highest　aspirations　and　ideals。　But　these
  ideals　and　aspirations　have　changed　somewhat　with　the　changing
  scheme　of　the　Western　civilization；　and　so　the　university　has
  also　concomitantly　so　changed　in　character；　aims　and　ideals　as　to
  leave　it　still　the　corporate　organ　of　the　community's　dominant
  intellectual　interest。　At　the　same　time；　it　is　true；　these
  changes　in　the　purpose　and　spirit　of　the　university　have　always
  been；　and　are　always　being；　made　only　tardily；　reluctantly；
  concessively；　against　the　protests　of　those　who　are　zealous　for
  the　commonplaces　of　the　day　before　yesterday。　Such　is　the
  character　of　institutional　growth　and　change；　and　in　its
  adaptation　to　the　altered　requirements　of　an　altered　scheme　of
  culture　the　university　has　in　this　matter　been　subject　to　the
  conditions　of　institutional　growth　at　large。　An　institution　is；
  after　all；　a　prevalent　habit　of　thought；　and　as　such　it　is
  subject　to　the　conditions　and　limitations　that　surround　any
  change　in　the　habitual　frame　of　mind　prevalent　in　the　community。
  The　university　of　medieval　and　early　modern　times；　that　is　to
  say　the　barbarian　university；　was　necessarily　given　over　to　the
  pragmatic；　utilitarian　disciplines；　since　that　is　the　nature　of
  barbarism；　and　the　barbarian　university　is　but　another；　somewhat
  sublimated；　expression　of　the　same　barbarian　frame　of　mind。　The
  barbarian　culture　is　pragmatic；　utilitarian；　worldly　wise