respect。
  Doubtless　the　larger　and　more　serious　responsibility　in　the
  educational　system　belongs　not　to　the　university　but　to　the　lower
  and　professional　schools。　Citizenship　is　a　larger　and　more
  substantial　category　than　scholarship；　and　the　furtherance　of
  civilized　life　is　a　larger　and　more　serious　interest　than　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge　for　its　own　idle　sake。　But　the　proportions
  which　the　quest　of　knowledge　is　latterly　assuming　in　scheme　of
  civilized　life　require　that　the　establishments　the　to　which　this
  interest　is　committed　should　not　be　charged　with　extraneous
  duties；　particularly　not　with　extraneous　matters　themselves　of
  such　grave　consequence　as　this　training　for　citizenship　and
  practical　affairs。　These　are　too　serious　a　range　of　duties　to　be
  taken　care　of　as　a　side…issue；　by　a　seminary　of　learning；　the
  members　of　whose　faculty；　if　they　are　fit　for　their　own　special
  work；　are　not　men　of　affairs　or　adepts　in　worldly　wisdom。
  III
  In　point　of　historical　pedigree　the　American　universities　are
  of　another　derivation　than　their　European　counterpart；　although
  the　difference　in　this　respect　is　not　so　sharp　a　matter　of
  contrast　as　might　be　assumed　at　first　sight。　The　European
  （Continental）　universities　appear　to　have　been　founded；
  originally；　to　meet　the　needs　of　professional　training；　more
  particularly　theological　（and　philosophical）　training　in　the
  earlier　times。　The　American　universities　are；　historically；　an
  outgrowth　of　the　American　college；　and　the　latter　was　installed；
  in　its　beginnings；　largely　as　a　means　of　professional　training；
  chiefly　training　for　Divinity；　secondarily　for　the　calling　of　the
  schoolmaster。　But　in　neither　case；　neither　in　that　of　the
  European　university　nor　in　that　of　the　American　College；　was　this
  early　vocational　aim　of　the　schools　allowed　to　decide　their
  character　in　the　long　run；　nor　to　circumscribe　the　lines　of　their
  later　growth。　In　both　cases；　somewhat　alike；　the　two　groups　of
  schools　came　to　their　mature　development；　in　the　nineteenth
  century；　as　establishments　occupied　with　disinterested　learning；
  given　over　to　the　pursuit　of　intellectual　enterprise；　rather　than
  as　seminaries　for　training　of　a　vocational　kind。　They　still　had　a
  vocational　value；　no　doubt；　and　the　vocational　needs　of　their
  students　need　not　have　been　absent　from　the　considerations　that
  guided　their　directorates。　It　would　particularly　be　found　that
  the　（clerical）　directorates　of　the　American　colleges　had　more
  than　half　an　eye　to　the　needs　of　Divinity　even　at　so　late　a　date
  as　when；　in　the　third　quarter　of　the　century；　the　complexion　of
  the　American　college　situation　began　seriously　to　change。　It　is
  from　this　period　　from　the　era　of　the　Civil　War　and　the
  Reconstruction　　that　the　changes　set　in　which　have　reshaped　the
  academic　situation　in　America。
  At　this　era；　some　half　a　century　ago；　the　American　college
  was；　or　was　at　least　pressed　to　be；　given　over　to　disinterested
  instruction；　not　specialized　with　a　vocational；　or　even　a
  denominational；　bias。　It　was　coming　to　take　its　place　as　the
  superior　or　crowning　member；　a　sort　of　capstone；　of　the　system　of
  public　instruction。　The　life　history　of　any　one　of　the　state
  universities　whose　early　period　of　growth　runs　across　this　era
  will　readily　show　the　effectual　guidance　of　such　an　ideal　of　a
  college；　as　a　superior　and　definitive　member　in　a　school　system
  designed　to　afford　an　extended　course　of　instruction　looking　to
  an　unbiassed　increase　and　diffusion　of　knowledge。　Other
  interests；　of　a　professional　or　vocational　kind；　were　also
  entrusted　to　the　keeping　of　these　new…found　schools；　but　with　a
  conclusive　generality　the　rule　holds　that　in　these　academic
  creations　a　college　establishment　of　a　disinterested；
  non…vocational　character　is　counted　in　as　the　indispensable
  nucleus；　　that　much　was　at　that　time　a　matter　of　course。
  The　further　development　shows　two　marked　features：　The
  American　university　has　come　into　bearing；　and　the　college　has
  become　an　intermediate　rather　than　a　terminal　link　in　the
  conventional　scheme　of　education。　Under　the　names　〃undergraduate〃
  and　〃graduate；〃　the　college　and　the　university　are　still　commonly
  coupled　together　as　subdivisions　of　a　complex　whole；　but　this
  holding　together　of　the　two　disparate　schools　is　at　the　best　a
  freak　of　aimless　survival。　At　the　worst；　and　more　commonly；　it　is
  the　result　of　a　gross　ambition　for　magnitude　on　the　part　of　the
  joint　directorate。　Whether　the　college　lives　by　itself　as　an
  independent　establishment　on　a　foundation　of　its　own；　or　is　in
  point　of　legal　formality　a　subdivision　of　the　university
  establishment；　it　takes　its　place　in　the　educational　scheme　as
  senior　member　of　the　secondary　school　system；　and　it　bears　no
  peculiarly　close　relation　to　the　university　as　a　seat　of
  learning。　At　the　closest　it　stands　to　the　university　in　the
  relation　of　a　fitting　school；　more　commonly　its　relations　are
  closer　with　the　ordinary　professional　and　vocational　schools；　and
  for　the　most　part　it　stands　in　no　relation；　beyond　that　of
  juxtaposition；　with　the　one　or　the　other。
  The　attempt　to　hold　the　college　and　the　no　means　together　in
  bonds　of　ostensible　Solidarity　is　by　university　an　advisedly
  concerted　adjustment　to　the　needs　of　scholarship　as　they　run
  today。　By　historical　accident　the　older　American　universities
  have　grown　into　bearing　on　the　ground　of　an　underlying　college；
  and　the　external　connection　so　inherited　has　not　usually　been
  severed；　and　by　ill…advised；　or　perhaps　unadvised；　imitation　the
  younger　universities　have　blundered　into　encumbering　themselves
  with　an　undergraduate　department　to　simulate　this　presumptively
  honourable　pedigree；　to　the　detriment　both　of　the　university　and
  of　the　college　so　bound　up　with　it。　By　this　arrangement　the
  college　　undergraduate　department　　falls　into　the　position　of
  an　appendage；　a　side　issue；　to　be　taken　care　of　by　afterthought
  on　the　part　of　a　body　of　men　whose　chief　legitimate　interest　runs
  should　run　　on　other　things　than　the　efficient　management　of
  such　an　undergraduate　training…school；　　provided　always　that
  they　are　a　bona　fide　university　faculty；　and　not　a　body　of
  secondary…school　teachers　masquerading　under　the　assumed　name　of
  a　university。
  The　motive　to　this　inclusion　of　an　undergraduate　department
  in　the　newer　universities　appears　commonly　to　have　been　a
  headlong　eagerness　on　the　part　of　the　corporate　authorities　to
  show　a　complete　establishment　of　the　conventionally　accepted
  pattern；　and　to　enroll　as　many　students　as　possible。
  Whatever　may　have　been　true　for　the　earlier　time；　when　the
  American　college　first　grew　up　and　flourished；　it　is　beyond
  question　that　the　undergraduate　department　which　takes　the　place
  of　the　college　today　cannot　be　rated　as　an　institution　of　the
  higher　learning。　At　the　best　it　is　now　a　school　for　preliminary
  training；　preparatory　to　entering　on　the　career　of　learning；　or
  in　preparation　for　the　further　training　required　for　the
  professions；　but　it　is　also；　and　chiefly；　an　establishment
  designed　to　give　the　concluding　touches　to　the　education　of　young
  men　who　have　no　designs　on　learning；　beyond　the　close　of　the
  college　curriculum。　It　aims　to　afford　a　rounded　discipline　to
  those　whose　goal　is　the　life　of　fashion　or　of　affairs。　How　well；
  or　how　ill；　the　college　may　combine　these　two　unrelated　purposes
  is　a　question　that　does　not　immediately　concern　the　present
  inquiry。　It　is　touched　on　here　only　to　point　the　contrast　between
  the　American　college　and　the　university。
  It　follows　from　the　character　of　their　work　that　while　the
  university　should　offer　no　set　curriculum；　the　college　has；
  properly；　nothing　else　to　offer。　But　the　retention　or　inclusion
  of　the　college　and　its　aims　within　the　university　corporation　has
  necessarily　led　to　the　retention　of　college　standards　and　methods
  of　control　even　in　what　is　or　purports　to　be　university　work；　so
  that　it　is　by　no　means　unusual　to　find　university　（graduate）　work
  scheduled　in　the　form　of　a　curriculum；　with　all　that
  boarding…school　circumstance　and　apparatus　that　is　so　unavoidable
  an　evil　in　all　undergraduate　training。　In　effect；　the　outcome　of
  these　short…sighted　attempts　to　take　care　of　the　higher　learning
  by　the　means　and　method　of　the　boys'　school；　commonly　is　to
  eliminate　the　higher　learning　from　the　case　and　substitute　the
  aims　and　results　o