第 51 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9317
  all   the  way    from    Dorsetshire     to  Norfolk;    and;   I  believe;   up  through
  Lincolnshire。      And what is stranger still; this same bone…earth bed crops
  out on the south side of the chalk at Farnham; and stretches along the foot
  of those downs; right into Kent; making the richest hop lands in England;
  through Surrey; and away to Tunbridge。              So that it seems as if the bed lay
  under the chalk everywhere; if once we could get down to it。
  But how does it make the hop lands so rich?
  Because hops; like tobacco and vines; take more phosphorus out of the
  soil   than   any   other   plants   which    we   grow    in  England;     and   it  is  the
  washings of this bone…earth bed which make the lower lands in Farnham
  so unusually rich; that in some of themthe garden; for instance; under the
  Bishop's     castlehave    grown     hops   without    resting;   I  believe;   for  three
  hundred years。
  But who found out all this about the Coprolites?
  AhI will tell you; and show you how scientific men; whom ignorant
  people   sometimes   laugh   at   as   dreamers;   and   mere   pickers   up   of   useless
  weeds   and   old     stones;   may   do   real   service   to  their   country   and  their
  countrymen; as I hope you will some day。
  There was a clergyman named Henslow; now with God; honoured by
  all scientific men; a kind friend and teacher of mine; loved by every little
  child in his parish。       His calling was botany:         but he knew something of
  geology。      And some of these Coprolites were brought him as curiosities;
  because they had fossils in them。           But he (so the tale goes) had the wit to
  see that they were not; like other fossils; carbonate of lime; but phosphate
  of limebone earth。 Whereon he told the neighbouring farmers that they
  had   a   mine   of   wealth   opened   to   them;   if   they   would   but   use   them   for
  manure。      And   after   a   while   he   was   listened   to。 Then   others   began   to
  find them in the Eastern counties; and then another man; as learned and
  wise   as   he   was   good   and   nobleJohn   Paine   of   Farnham;   also   now   with
  Godfound them on his own estate; and made much use and much money
  of them:     and now tens of thousands of pounds' worth of valuable manure
  are made out of them every year; in Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire; by
  digging   them   out   of   land   which   was   till   lately   only   used   for   common
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  farmers' crops。
  But how do they turn Coprolites into manure?                  I used to see them in
  the   railway   trucks   at   Cambridge;   and   they   were   all   like   what   I   have   at
  homehard pebbles。
  They grind them first in a mill。           Then they mix them with sulphuric
  acid and water; and that melts them down; and parts them into two things。
  One   is   sulphate   of   lime   (gypsum;   as   it   is   commonly   called);   and   which
  will not dissolve   in   water;  and is of   little   use。     But   the   other   is   what   is
  called   superphosphate   of   lime;   which   will   dissolve   in   water;   so   that   the
  roots   of   the   plants   can   suck   it   up: and   that   is   one   of   the   richest   of
  manures。
  Oh; I know:       you put superphosphate on the grass last year。
  Yes。    But not that kind; a better one still。          The superphosphate from
  the Copiolites is good; but the superphosphate from fresh bones is better
  still;   and   therefore   dearer;   because   it   has   in   it   the   fibrine   of   the   bones;
  which is full of nitrogen; like gristle or meat; and all that has been washed
  out of the bone…earth bed ages and ages ago。                 But you must learn some
  chemistry to understand that。
  I   should   like   to   be   a   scientific   man;   if   one   can   find   out   such   really
  useful things by science。
  Child; there is no saying what you might find out; or of what use you
  may be to your fellow…men。            A man working at science; however dull and
  dirty   his   work   may   seem   at   times;   is   like   one   of   those   〃chiffoniers;〃   as
  they call them in Parispeople who spend their lives in gathering rags and
  sifting   refuse;   but   who   may   put   their   hands   at   any   moment   upon   some
  precious jewel。       And not only may you be able to help your neighbours to
  find out what will give them health and wealth:                 but you may; if you can
  only get them to listen to you; save them from many a foolish experiment;
  which ends in losing money just for want of science。                    I have heard of a
  man   who;   for   want   of   science;   was   going   to   throw   away   great   sums   (I
  believe he; luckily for him; never could raise the money) in boring for coal
  in our Bagshot sands at home。             The man thought that because there was
  coal under the heather moors in the North; there must needs be coal here
  likewise; when a geologist could have told him the contrary。                     There was
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  another   man   at   Hennequin's   Lodge;   near   the   Wellington   College;   who
  thought   he   would   make   the   poor   sands   fertile   by   manuring   them   with
  whale oil; of all things in the world。         So he not only lost all the cost of his
  whale oil; but made the land utterly barren; as it is unto this day; and all
  for want of science。
  And I knew a manufacturer; too; who went to bore an Artesian well for
  water;   and   hired   a   regular   well…borer   to   do   it。 But;   meanwhile   he   was
  wise enough to ask a geologist of those parts how far he thought it was
  down to the water。        The geologist made his calculations; and said:
  〃You will go through so many feet of Bagshot sand; and so many feet
  of London clay; and so many feet of the Thanet beds between them and
  the chalk:     and then you will win water; at about 412 feet; but not; I think;
  till then。〃
  The   well…sinker     laughed   at   that;  and   said;  〃He    had   no  opinion    of
  geologists; and such…like。         He never found any clay in England but what
  he could get through in 150 feet。〃
  So he began to bore150 feet; 200; 300:              and then he began to look
  rather silly; at last; at 405only seven feet short of what the geologist had
  foretoldup   came   the   water   in   a   regular   spout。   But;   lo   and   behold;   not
  expecting to have to bore so deep; he had made his bore much too small;
  and the sand out of the Thanet beds 〃blew up〃 into the bore; and closed it。
  The poor manufacturer spent hundreds of pounds more in trying to get the
  sand out; but in vain; and he had at last to make a fresh and much larger
  well by the side of the old one; bewailing the day when he listened to the
  well…sinker   and   not   to   the   geologist;   and   so   threw   away   more   than   a
  thousand pounds。        And there is an answer to what you asked on board the
  yachtWhat use was there in learning little matters of natural history and
  science; which seemed of no use at all? And now; look out again。                   Do you
  see any change in the country?
  What?
  Why; there to the left。
  There are high hills there now; as well as to the right。            What are they?
  Chalk hills too。      The chalk is on both sides of us now。           These are the
  Chilterns; all away to Ipsden and Nettlebed; and so on across Oxfordshire
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  and   Buckinghamshire;   and   into   Hertfordshire;   and   on   again   to   Royston
  and Cambridge; while below them lies the Vale of Aylesbury; you can just
  see the beginning of it on their left。          A pleasant land are those hills; and
  wealthy; full of noble houses buried in the deep beech…woods; which once
  were a great forest; stretching in a ring round the north of London; full of
  deer and boar; and of wild bulls too; even as late as the twelfth century;
  according   to   the   old   legend   of   Thomas   e   Becket's   father   and   the   fair
  Saracen; which you have often heard。
  I  know。    But   how  are  you   going   to get through the  chalk   hills?         Is
  there a tunnel as there is at Box and at Micheldever?
  No。    Something   much   prettier   than   a   tunnel   and   something   which
  took a  great many  years longer in making。               We shall soon meet   with   a
  very    remarkable      and   famous    old   gentleman;