第 33 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9322
  compared   with   theirs。      One   single   reef;   for   instance;   which   is   entirely
  made by them; stretches along the north…east coast of Australia for nearly a
  thousand miles。        Of this you must read some day in Mr。 Jukes's Voyage
  of   H。M。S。   〃Fly。〃    Every  island   throughout   a great   part   of   the   Pacific   is
  fringed round each with its coral…reef; and there are hundreds of islands of
  strange shapes; and of Atolls; as they are called; or ring…islands; which are
  composed entirely of coral; and of nothing else。
  A ring…island?       How can an island be made in the shape of a ring?
  Ah! it was a long time before men found out that riddle。                  Mr。 Darwin
  was the first to guess the answer; as he has guessed many an answer beside。
  These   islands   are   each   a   ring;   or   nearly   a   ring   of   coral;   with   smooth
  shallow water inside:         but their outsides run down; like a mountain wall;
  sheer   into   seas   hundreds   of   fathoms   deep。     People   used   to   believe;   and
  reasonably   enough;   that   the   coral   polypes   began   to   build   up   the   islands
  from the very bottom of the deep sea。
  But that would not account for the top of them being of the shape of a
  ring; and in time it was found out that the corals would not build except in
  shallow   water;   twenty   or   thirty   fathoms   deep   at   most;   and   men   were   at
  their wits' ends to find out the riddle。 Then said Mr。 Darwin; 〃Suppose one
  of those beautiful South Sea Islands; like Tahiti; the Queen of Isles; with
  its ring of coral… reef all round its shore; began sinking slowly under the
  sea。    The land; as it sunk; would be gone for good and all:                but the coral…
  reef round it would not; because the coral polypes would build up and up
  continually upon the skeletons of their dead parents; to get to the surface
  of the water; and would keep close to the top outside; however much the
  land sunk inside; and when the island had sunk completely beneath the sea;
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  what would be left?          What must be left but a ring of coral reef; around
  the spot where the last mountain peak of the island sank beneath the sea?〃
  And so Mr。 Darwin explained the shapes of hundreds of coral islands in
  the Pacific; and proved; too; some strange things besides (he proved; and
  other   men;   like   Mr。   Wallace;   whose   excellent   book   on   the   East   Indian
  islands you must read some day; have proved in other ways) that there was
  once a great continent; joined perhaps to Australia and to New Guinea; in
  the   Pacific   Ocean;   where   is   now   nothing   but   deep   sea;   and   coral…reefs
  which mark the mountain ranges of that sunken world。
  But how   does the   coral ever   rise above   the surface   of the   water   and
  turn into hard stone?
  Of course the coral polypes cannot build above the high…tide mark; but
  the surf which beats upon them piles up their broken fragments just as a
  sea…beach is piled up; and hammers them together with that water hammer
  which   is   heavier   and   stronger   than   any   you   have   ever   seen   in   a   smith's
  forge。     And   then;   as   is   the   fashion   of   lime;   the   whole   mass   sets   and
  becomes hard; as you may see mortar set; and so you have a low island a
  few feet above the sea。        Then sea…birds come to it; and rest and build; and
  seeds   are   floated thither   from  far   lands;   and among   them  almost   always
  the cocoa… nut; which loves to grow by the sea…shore; and groves of cocoa
  palms grow up upon the lonely isle。             Then; perhaps; trees and bushes are
  drifted thither before the trade…wind; and entangled in their roots are seeds
  of other plants; and eggs or cocoons of insects; and so a few flowers and a
  few butterflies and beetles set up for themselves upon the new land。                   And
  then a bird or two; caught in a storm and blown away to sea finds shelter
  in the cocoa…grove; and so a little new world is set up; in which (you must
  remember always) there are no four…footed beasts; nor snakes; nor lizards;
  nor frogs; nor any animals that cannot cross the sea。 And on some of those
  islands they may live (indeed there is reason to believe they have lived); so
  long; that some of them have changed their forms; according to the laws of
  Madam How; who sooner or later fits each thing exactly for the place in
  which it is meant to live; till upon some of them you may find such strange
  and unique creatures as the famous cocoa…nut crab; which learned men call
  Birgus latro。      A great crab he is; who walks upon the tips of his toes a
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  foot high above the ground。          And because he has often nothing to eat but
  cocoa…nuts; or at least they are the best things he can find; cocoa…nuts he
  has learned to eat; and after a fashion which it would puzzle you to imitate。
  Some say that he climbs up the stems of the cocoa…nut trees; and pulls the
  fruit down for himself; but that; it seems; he does not usually do。 What he
  does is this:     when he finds a fallen cocoa…nut; he begins tearing away the
  thick husk   and fibre   with his   strong   claws; and he knows perfectly  well
  which end to tear it from; namely; from the end where the three eye…holes
  are; which you call the monkey's face; out of one of which you know; the
  young cocoa…nut tree would burst forth。            And when he has got to the eye…
  holes; he hammers through one of them with the point of his heavy claw。
  So far; so good:       but how is he to get the meat out?            He cannot put his
  claw in。     He has no proboscis like a butterfly to insert and suck with。 He
  is as far off from his dinner as the fox was when the stork offered him a
  feast in a long…necked jar。         What then do you think he does?             He turns
  himself round; puts in a pair of his hind pincers; which are very slender;
  and with them scoops the meat out of the cocoa…nut; and so puts his dinner
  into his mouth with his hind feet。          And even the cocoa…nut husk he does
  not waste; for he lives in deep burrows which he makes like a rabbit; and
  being a luxurious crab; and liking to sleep soft in spite of his hard shell; he
  lines them with a quantity of cocoa…nut fibre; picked out clean and fine;
  just as if he was going to make cocoa…nut matting of it。              And being also a
  clean crab; as I hope you are a clean little boy; he goes down to the sea
  every night to have his bath and moisten his gills; and so lives happy all
  his days; and gets so fat in his old age that he carries about his body nearly
  a quart of pure oil。
  That is the history of the cocoa…nut crab。          And if any one tells me that
  that   crab   acts   only   on   what   is   called   〃instinct〃;   and   does   not   think   and
  reason; just as you and I think and reason; though of course not in words
  as you and I do:       then I shall be inclined to say that that person does not
  think nor reason either。
  Then were there many coral…reefs in Britain in old times?
  Yes; many and many; again and again; some whole ages older than this;
  a bit of which you see; and some again whole ages newer。 But look:                   then
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  judge for yourself。       Look at this geological map。 Wherever you see a bit
  of blue; which is the mark for limestone; you may say; 〃There is a bit of
  old   coral…reef   rising   up   to   the   surface。〃 But   because   I   will   not   puzzle
  your little head with too many things at once; you shall look at one set of
  coral…reefs   which   are   far   newer   than   this   bit   of   Dudley   limestone;   and
  which are the largest; I suppose; that ever were in this country; or; at least;
  there is more of them left than of any others。
  Look first at Ireland。      You see that almost all the middle of Ireland is
  coloured   blue。     It   is   one   great   sheet   of   old  coral…reef   and  coral…mud;
  which is now called the carboniferous limestone。 You see red and purple
  patches rising out of it; like islandsand islands I suppose they were; of
  hard and ancient rock; standing up in the middle of the coral sea。
  But look again; and you will see that along the west coast of Ireland;
  except in a very few places; like Galway Bay; the blue limestone does not
  come down to the sea; the shore is coloured purple and brown; and those
  colours mark the ancient rocks and high mountains of Mayo and Galway
  and Kerry; which stan