第 24 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9322
  bit at the top of the next field; where the copse was grubbed。
  But what good will he do by putting chalk on it?                Chalk is not rich
  and fertile; like manure; it is altogether poor; barren stuff:          you know that;
  or   ought    to  know    it。 Recollect     the  chalk   cuttings   and   banks    on  the
  railway between Basingstoke and Winchesterhow utterly barren they are。
  Though they have been open these thirty years; not a blade of grass; hardly
  a bit of moss; has grown on them; or will grow; perhaps; for centuries。
  Come; let us find out something about the chalk before we talk about
  the caves。     The chalk is here; and the caves are not; and 〃Learn from the
  thing that lies nearest you〃 is as good a rule as 〃Do the duty which lies
  nearest you。〃      Let us come into the grubbed bit; and ask the farmerthere
  he is in his gig。
  Well; old friend; and how are you?           Here is a little boy who wants to
  know why you are putting chalk on your field。
  Does   he   then?   If   he   ever   tries   to   farm   round   here;   he   will   have   to
  learn for his first ruleNo chalk; no wheat。
  But why?
  Why; is   more   than   I   can tell; young squire。      But if   you   want   to   see
  how it comes about; look here at this freshly…grubbed land how sour it is。
  You can see that by the colour of itsome black; some red; some green;
  some yellow; all full of sour iron; which will let nothing grow。               After the
  chalk has been on it a year or two; those colours will have all gone out of
  it; and it will turn to a nice wholesome brown; like the rest of the field;
  and then you will know that the land is sweet; and fit for any crop。                Now
  do you mind what I tell you; and then I'll tell you something more。                   We
  put on the chalk because; beside sweetening the land; it will hold water。
  You see; the land about here; though it is often very wet from springs; is
  sandy and hungry; and when we drain the bottom water out of it; the top
  water (that is; the rain) is apt to run through it too fast:          and then it dries
  and burns up; and we get no plant of wheat; nor of turnips either。                So we
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  put on chalk to hold water; and keep the ground moist。
  But how   can these lumps   of chalk   hold   water?           They  are   not   made
  like cups。
  No:    but they are made like sponges; which serves our turn better still。
  Just take up that lump; young squire; and you'll see water enough in it; or
  rather looking out of it; and staring you in the face。
  Why! one side of the lump is all over thick ice。                So it is。    All that
  water   was   inside   the   chalk   last   night;   till   it   froze。 And   then   it   came
  squeezing out of the holes in the chalk in strings; as you may see it if you
  break the ice across。       Now you may judge for yourself how much water a
  load of chalk will hold; even on a dry summer's day。                 And now; if you'll
  excuse me; sir; I must be off to market。
  Was it all true that the farmer said?
  Quite true; I believe。       He is not a scientific manthat is; he does not
  know the chemical causes of all these things; but his knowledge is sound
  and     useful;   because     it  comes    from    long    experience。      He     and   his
  forefathers; perhaps for a thousand years and more; have been farming this
  country; reading Madam How's books with very keen eyes; experimenting
  and   watching;   very  carefully  and   rationally;   making   mistakes   often;   and
  failing   and   losing   their   crops   and   their   money;   but   learning   from   their
  mistakes; till their empiric knowledge; as it is called; helps them to grow
  sometimes       quite   as   good    crops    as  if  they   had    learned    agricultural
  chemistry。
  What     he  meant     by  the   chalk   sweetening     the   land  you    would    not
  understand yet; and I can hardly tell you; for chemists are not yet agreed
  how it happens。        But he was right; and right; too; what he told you about
  the water inside the chalk; which is more important to us just now; for; if
  we follow it out; we shall surely come to a cave at last。
  So now for the water in the chalk。            You can see now why the chalk…
  downs      at  Winchester     are   always    green;   even    in  the  hottest   summer:
  because Madam  How has   put under them  her   great chalk sponge。                     The
  winter   rains   soak   into   it;   and   the   summer   heat   draws   that   rain   out   of   it
  again as invisible steam; coming up from below; to keep the roots of the
  turf cool and moist under the blazing sun。
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  You   love   that   short   turf   well。    You   love   to   run   and   race   over   the
  Downs with your butterfly…net and hunt 〃chalk…hill blues;〃 and 〃marbled
  whites;〃 and 〃spotted burnets;〃 till you are hot and tired; and then to   sit
  down   and   look at   the  quiet   little  old   city  below;  with   the  long   cathedral
  roof;   and   the   tower   of   St。   Cross;   and   the   gray   old   walls   and   buildings
  shrouded by noble trees; all embosomed among the soft rounded lines of
  the   chalk…hills;   and   then   you   begin   to   feel   very   thirsty;   and   cry;   〃Oh;   if
  there were  but   springs   and brooks   in   the  Downs; as   there  are  at   home!〃
  But all the hollows are as dry as the hill tops。             There is not a brook; or the
  mark of a watercourse; in one of them。               You are like the Ancient Mariner
  in the poem; with
  〃Water; water; every where; Nor any drop to drink。〃
  To   get   that   you   must   go   down   and   down;   hundreds   of   feet;   to   the
  green meadows through which silver Itchen glides toward the sea。 There
  you   stand   upon   the bridge;  and   watch the  trout   in   water  so   crystal…clear
  that you see every weed and pebble as if you looked through air。                       If ever
  there   was   pure   water;   you   think;   that   is   pure。   Is   it   so? Drink   some。
  Wash your hands in it and tryYou feel that the water is rough; hard (as
  they call it); quite different from the water at home; which feels as soft as
  velvet。 What makes it so hard?
  Because   it   is   full   of   invisible   chalk。  In   every   gallon   of   that   water
  there are; perhaps; fifteen grains of solid chalk; which was once inside the
  heart of the hills above。          Day and   night; year after year; the chalk goes
  down   to   the   sea;   and   if   there   were   such   creatures   as   water…fairiesif   it
  were true; as the old Greeks and Romans thought; that rivers were living
  things; with a Nymph who dwelt in each of them; and was its goddess or
  its queenthen; if your ears were opened to hear her; the Nymph of Itchen
  might say to you …
  So child; you think that I do nothing but; as your sister says when she
  sings Mr。 Tennyson's beautiful song;
  〃I chatter over stony ways; In little sharps and trebles; I bubble into
  eddying bays; I babble on the pebbles。〃
  Yes。    I do that:     and I love; as the Nymphs loved of old; men who
  have eyes to see my beauty; and ears to discern my song; and to fit their
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  own song to it; and tell how
  〃'I wind about; and in and out; With here a blossom sailing; And here
  and there a lusty trout; And here and there a grayling;
  〃'And here and there a foamy flake Upon me; as I travel With many a
  silvery waterbreak Above the golden gravel;
  〃'And draw them all along; and flow To join the brimming river; For
  men may come and men may go; But I go on for ever。'〃
  Yes。   That is all true:    but if that were all; I should not be let to flow
  on for ever; in a world where Lady Why rules; and Madam How obeys。                      I
  only exist (like everything else; from the sun in heaven to the gnat which
  dances in his beam) on condition of working; whether we wish it or not;
  whether we know it or not。          I am not an idle stream; only fit to chatter to
  those   who   bathe   or   fish   in   my   waters;   or   even   to   give   poets   beautiful
  fancies about me。        You little guess the work I do。         For I am one of the
  daughters of Madam How; and; like her; work night and day; we know not
  why; though Lady Why must know。                So day by day; and night by night;
  while you are sleeping (for I never sleep); I ca