第 25 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:30      字数:9275
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  who declares them to be 〃much more laboured; and more or less artificial
  and   unequal。〃       Among   the numerous   imitations   directly  induced   by  the
  Rogers   books   was   the   〃Lyrics   of   the   Heart;〃   by   Alaric   Attila   Watts;   a
  forgotten versifier and sometime editor of 〃Annuals;〃 but it did not meet
  with similar success。
  Many illustrated works; originating in the perfection and opportunities
  of   engraving   on   metal;   are   necessarily  unnoticed   in   this   rapid   summary。
  As far; however; as book…illustration is concerned; copper and steel plate
  engraving may  be   held  to   have  gone  out of   fashion   with   the  〃Annuals。〃
  It is still; indeed; to be found lingering in that mine of modern art…books
  the   〃Art   Journal;〃   and;   not   so   very   long   ago;   it   made   a   sumptuous   and
  fugitive     reappearance       in  Dore's    〃Idylls    of   the  King;〃     Birket    Foster's
  〃Hood;〃       and   one   or   two   other   imposing      volumes。      But     it  was   badly
  injured by modern wood…engraving; it has since been crippled for life by
  photography;   and   it   is   more   than   probable   that   the   present   rapid   rise   of
  modern etching will give it the coup de grace。 {11}
  By the   end of   the seventeenth   century  the   art of   engraving on   wood
  had fallen into disuse。         Writing circa 1770; Horace Walpole goes so far as
  to   say   that   it   〃never   was   executed   in   any   perfection   in   England;〃   and;
  speaking   afterwards   of   Papillon's   〃Traite   de   la   Gravure;〃   1766;   he   takes
  occasion to doubt if that author would ever 〃persuade the world to return
  to   wooden   cuts。〃      Nevertheless;   with   Bewick;   a   few   years   later;   wood…
  engraving   took   a   fresh   departure   so   conspicuous   that   it   amounts   to          a
  revival。     In what this consisted it is clearly impossible to show here with
  any sufficiency of detail; but between the method of the old wood…cutters
  who reproduced the drawings of Durer; and the method of the Newcastle
  artist; there are two marked and well…defined differences。                   One of these is
  a difference in the preparation of the wood and the tool employed。 The old
  wood…cutters   carved   their   designs   with   knives   and   chisels   on   strips   of
  wood sawn lengthwisethat is to say;  upon the PLANK; Bewick used   a
  graver; and worked upon slices of box or pear cut across the grain;that is
  to   say   upon    the   END     of   the  wood。      The     other   difference;    of   which
  Bewick   is   said   to   have   been   the   inventor;   is   less   easy   to   describe。    It
  consisted in the employment of what is technically known as 〃white line。〃
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  In all   antecedent   wood…cutting   the   cutter   had simply  cleared   away  those
  portions of the block left bare by the design; so that the design remained in
  relief   to   be   printed   from   like   type。  Using   the   smooth   box   block   as   a
  uniform   surface   from   which;   if   covered   with   printing   ink;   a   uniformly
  black impression might be obtained; Bewick; by cutting white lines across
  it   at   greater   or   lesser   intervals;   produced   gradations   of   shade;   from   the
  absolute black of the block to the lightest tints。              The general result of this
  method      was    to  give    a  greater   depth    of   colouring     and   variety   to   the
  engraving; but its advantages may perhaps be best understood by a glance
  at the background of the 〃Woodcock〃 on the following page。
  Bewick's first work of any importance was the Gay's 〃Fables〃 of 1779。
  In 1784 he did another series of 〃Select Fables。〃                 Neither of these books;
  however;   can   be   compared   with   the   〃General   History   of   Quadrupeds;〃
  1790;   and   the   〃British   Land   and   Water   Birds;〃   1797         and    1804。    The
  illustrations   to   the   〃Quadrupeds〃   are   in   many   instances   excellent;   and
  large   additions   were   made   to   them   in   subsequent   issues。          But   in   this
  collection   Bewick   laboured   to   a   great   extent   under   the   disadvantage   of
  representing animals with which he was familiar only through the medium
  of stuffed specimens or incorrect drawings。                In the 〃British Birds;〃 on the
  contrary; his facilities for study from the life were greater; and his success
  was consequently more complete。                Indeed; it may be safely affirmed that
  of all the engravers of the present century; none have excelled Bewick for
  beauty of black   and white; for skilful rendering of plumage and   foliage;
  and for fidelity of detail and accessory。               The 〃Woodcock〃 (here   given);
  the 〃Partridge;〃 the 〃Owl;〃 the 〃Yellow… Hammer;〃 the 〃Yellow…Bunting;〃
  the   〃Willow…Wren;〃   are   popular   examples   of   these   qualities。          But   there
  are a hundred others nearly as good。
  Among sundry conventional decorations after the old German fashion
  in the first edition of the 〃Quadrupeds;〃 there are a fair number of those
  famous   tail…pieces   which;   to   a   good   many   people;   constitute   Bewick's
  chief   claim  to   immortality。       That   it   is not   easy  to   imitate   them  is   plain
  from the failure of Branston's attempts; and from the inferior character of
  those by John Thompson in Yarrell's 〃Fishes。〃 The genius of Bewick was;
  in   fact;   entirely   individual     and   particular。     He    had   the   humour      of  a
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  Hogarth in little; as well as some of his special characteristics;notably his
  faculty of telling a story by suggestive detail。               An instance may be taken
  at random from vol。 I。 of the 〃Birds。〃                A man; whose wig and hat have
  fallen    off;   lies  asleep    with    open    mouth     under    some     bushes。     He     is
  manifestly drunk; and the date 〃4 June;〃 on a neighbouring stone; gives us
  the   reason   and   occasion   of   his   catastrophe。        He   has   been   too   loyally
  celebrating      the   birthday     of  his   majesty    King     George     III。  Another     of
  Bewick's gifts is his wonderful skill in foreshadowing a tragedy。                      Take as
  an   example;   this   truly   appalling   incident   from   the   〃Quadrupeds。〃            The
  tottering child; whose nurse is seen in the background; has strayed into the
  meadow;   and   is   pulling   at   the   tail   of   a   vicious…looking   colt;   with   back…
  turned     eye   and   lifted   heel。   Down   the     garden…steps   the   mother       hurries
  headlong; but she can hardly be in time。                 And of all thissufficient; one
  would say; for a fairly…sized canvasthe artist has managed to give a vivid
  impression in a block of three inches by two!                  Then; again; like Hogarth
  once more; he rejoices in multiplications of dilemma。                   What; for instance;
  can be more comically pathetic than the head…piece to the 〃Contents〃 in
  vol。 I。 of the 〃Birds〃?         The old horse has been seized with an invincible
  fit   of   stubbornness。      The   day   is   both   windy   and   rainy。     The   rider   has
  broken his stick and lost his hat; but he is too much encumbered with his
  cackling   and   excited   stock   to   dare   to   dismount。      Nothing   can   help   him
  but a Deus ex machina;of whom there is no sign。
  Besides   his   humour;   Bewick   has   a   delightfully   rustic   side;   of   which
  Hogarth   gives   but   little   indication。      From   the   starved   ewe   in   the   snow
  nibbling   forlornly   at   a   worn…out   broom;   to   the   cow   which   has   broken
  through the rail to reach the running water; there are numberless designs
  which reveal that faithful lover of the field and hillside; who; as he said;
  〃would      rather   be   herding     sheep    on   Mickle    bank    top〃    than   remain    in
  London to be made   premier   of England。                He   loved the country  and the
  country…life; and he   drew  them  as   one who   loved them。                 It   is   this  rural
  quality   which   helps   to   give   such   a   lasting   freshness   to   his   quaint   and
  picturesque   fancies;   and   it   is   this   which   will   continue   to   preserve   their
  popularity;   even   if   they   should   cease   to   be   valued   for   their   wealth   of
  whimsical invention。