第 24 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:30      字数:9322
  by his grand knowledge of the nude; his calm; his restraint; he is such an
  illustrator of Homer as is not likely to arise again。             For whowith all our
  added knowledge of classical antiquitywho; of our modern artists; could
  hope   to    rival   such   thoroughly   Greek   compositions   as   the   ball…play   of
  Nausicaa   in   the   〃Odyssey;〃   or   that   lovely   group   from AEschylus   of   the
  tender… hearted; womanly Oceanides; cowering like flowers beaten by the
  storm under the terrible anger of Zeus?               In our day Flaxman's drawings
  would have been reproduced by some of the modern facsimile processes;
  and the gain would have been great。               As it is; something is lost by their
  transference   to   copper;   even   though   the   translators   be   Piroli   and   Blake。
  Blake; in fact; did more than he is usually credited with; for (beside the
  acknowledged and later 〃Hesiod;〃 1817) he really engraved the whole of
  the 〃Odyssey;〃 Piroli's plates having been lost on the voyage to England。
  The   name   of   the   Roman   artist;   nevertheless;   appears   on   the   title…page
  (1793)。     But   Blake   was   too   original   to   be   a   successful   copyist   of   other
  men's work; and to appreciate the full value of Flaxman's drawings; they
  should     be   studied   in   the  collections    at  University     College;    the  Royal
  Academy; and elsewhere。 {9}
  Flaxman and Blake had few imitators。               But a host of clever designers;
  such   as   Cipriani; Angelica   Kauffmann; Westall;   Uwins;   Smirke;   Burney;
  Corbould;       Dodd;      and    others;    vied    with    the   popular     Stothard     in
  〃embellishing〃   the       endless    〃Poets;〃   〃novelists;〃    and    〃essayists〃    of  our
  forefathers。      Some   of   these;   and   most   of   the   recognised   artists   of   the
  period;     lent  their   aid  to  that   boldly…    planned    but   unhappily…executed
  〃Shakespeare〃   of   Boydell;〃black   and   ghastly   gallery   of   murky   Opies;
  glum   Northcotes;   straddling   Fuselis;〃   as   Thackeray   calls   it。        They   are
  certainly   not   enlivening…   …those   cumbrous   〃atlas〃   folios   of   1803…5;   and
  they   helped   to   ruin   the   worthy   alderman。      Even   courtly   Sir   Joshua   is
  clearly ill at ease among the pushing Hamiltons and Mortimers; and; were
  it   not   for  the   whimsical     discovery     that   Westall's    〃Ghost     of  Caesar〃
  strangely resembles Mr。 Gladstone; there would be no resting…place for the
  modern   student   of   these   dismal   masterpieces。          The   truth   is;   Reynolds
  excepted; there were no contemporary painters strong enough for the task;
  and   the   honours   of   the   enterprise   belong   almost   exclusively   to   Smirke's
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  〃Seven Ages〃 and one or two plates from the lighter comedies。                     The great
  〃Bible〃 of Macklin; a rival and even more incongruous publication; upon
  which      some    of   the   same    designers     were    employed;      has   fallen   into
  completer   oblivion。        A  rather   better   fate   attended   another   book   of   this
  class; which; although belonging to a later period; may be briefly referred
  to here。     The 〃Milton〃 of John Martin has distinct individuality; and some
  of    the  needful     qualities   of   imagination。      Nevertheless;       posterity    has
  practically decided that scenic grandeur and sombre effects alone are not a
  sufficient pictorial equipment for the varied story of 〃Paradise Lost。〃
  It   is   to   Boydell   of   the   Shakespeare   gallery   that   we   owe   the   〃Liber
  Veritatis〃   of   Claude;   engraved   by   Richard   Earlom;   and   indirectly;   since
  rivalry of Claude prompted the attempt; the famous 〃Liber Studiorum〃 of
  Turner。     Neither   of   these;   howeverwhich;   like   the   〃Rivers   of   France〃
  and the 〃Picturesque Views in England and Wales〃 of the latter artist; are
  collections     of   engravings     rather   than   illustrated   booksbelongs       to  the
  present   purpose。      But   Turner's   name   may   fitly   serve   to   introduce   those
  once   familiar   〃Annuals〃   and   〃Keepsakes;〃   that;   beginning   in   1823   with
  Ackermann's 〃Forget…me… Not;〃 enjoyed a popularity of more than thirty
  years。     Their    general    characteristics     have   been    pleasantly    satirised   in
  Thackeray's account of the elegant miscellany of Bacon the publisher; to
  which Mr。 Arthur Pendennis contributed his pretty poem of 〃The Church
  Porch。〃      His editress; it will be remembered; was the Lady Violet Lebas;
  and   his   colleagues   the   Honourable   Percy   Popjoy;   Lord   Dodo;   and   the
  gifted     Bedwin      Sands;    whose      〃Eastern     Ghazuls〃     lent   so   special    a
  distinction to the volume in watered…silk binding。               The talented authors; it
  is true; were in most cases under the disadvantage of having to write to the
  plates   of   the   talented   artists;   a   practice   which   even   now   is   not   extinct;
  though it is scarcely considered favourable to literary merit。                And the real
  〃Annuals〃       were   no   exception     to  the  rule。   As    a  matter    of  fact;  their
  general     literary    merit   was    not   obtrusive;     although;     of  course;     they
  sometimes contained work which afterwards became famous。                           They are
  now so completely forgotten and out of date; that one scarcely expects to
  find that Wordsworth; Coleridge; Macaulay; and Southey; were among the
  occasional   contributors。        Lamb's   beautiful   〃Album   verses〃   appeared   in
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  the    〃Bijou;〃     Scott's   〃Bonnie      Dundee〃      in  the   〃Christmas       Box;〃    and
  Tennyson's   〃St。   Agnes'   Eve〃   in   the   〃Keepsake。〃          But   the   plates   were;
  after all; the leading attraction。          These; prepared for the most part under
  the superintendence of the younger Heath; and executed on the steel which
  by this time had supplanted the old 〃coppers;〃 were supplied by; or were
  〃after;〃 almost every contemporary artist of note。                Stothard; now growing
  old   and   past   his   prime;   Turner;   Etty;   Stanfield;   Leslie;   Roberts;   Danby;
  Maclise;   Lawrence;   Cattermole;   and   numbers   of   others;   found   profitable
  labour in this fashionable field until 1856; when the last of the 〃Annuals〃
  disappeared;   driven   from   the   market   by   the   rapid   development   of   wood
  engraving。       About a million; it is roughly estimated; was squandered in
  producing them。
  In   connection   with   the  〃Annuals〃   must   be   mentioned   two   illustrated
  books which were in all probability suggested by themthe 〃Poems〃 and
  〃Italy〃    of   Rogers。      The    designs     to  these   are   chiefly    by   Turner    and
  Stothard;   although   there   are   a   few   by   Prout   and   others。   Stothard's   have
  been   already   referred   to;   Turner's   are   almost   universally   held   to   be   the
  most successful of his many vignettes。 It has been truly saidin a recent
  excellent   life  of   this   artist   {10}that   it   would   be   difficult   to   find   in   the
  whole of his works two really greater than the 〃Alps at Daybreak;〃 and the
  〃Datur   Hora   Quieti;〃   in   the   former   of   these   volumes。        Almost   equally
  beautiful   are   the   〃Valombre   Falls〃   and   〃Tornaro's   misty  brow。〃          Of   the
  〃Italy〃 set Mr。 Ruskin writes:… 〃They are entirely exquisite; poetical in the
  highest   and   purest   sense;   exemplary   and   delightful   beyond   all   praise。〃
  To such words it is not possible to add much。                  But it is pretty clear that
  the    poetical     vitality    of   Rogers     was     secured     by    these    well…timed
  illustrations; over which he is admitted by his nephew Mr。 Sharpe to have
  spent about 7000 pounds; and far larger sums have been named by good
  authorities。      The artist received from fifteen to twenty guineas for each of
  the drawings; the engravers (Goodall; Miller; Wallis; Smith; and others);
  sixty guineas a plate。 The 〃Poems〃 and the 〃Italy;〃 in the original issues of
  1830 and 1834; are still precious to collectors; and are likely to remain so。
  Turner also illustrated Scott; Milton; Campbell; and Byron; but this series
  of designs has not received equal commendation from his greatest eulogist;
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