第 18 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:29      字数:9322
  before the book was knocked down to him at 2690 pounds。
  A scene like this has really very little to do with book…collecting。 The
  beginner   must   labour   hard   to   distinguish   different   kinds   of   printing;   he
  must   be   able   to   recognise   at   a   glance   even   fragments   from   the   press   of
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  Caxton。      His   eye   must   be   accustomed   to   all   the   tricks   of   the   trade   and
  others; so that he may tell a facsimile in a moment; or detect a forgery。
  But now let us return to the distinctive marks of early printed books。
  The first is; says M。 Rouveyre; …
  1。    The   absence of   a   separate title…page。        It   was   not till   1476…1480
  that the titles of books were printed on separate pages。                The next mark is
  …
  2。   The absence of capital letters at the beginnings of divisions。 For
  example; in an Aldine Iliad; the fifth book begins thus …
  'Greek text'
  It   was   intended   that   the   open   space;   occupied   by   the   small   epsilon
  ('epsilon symbol'); should be filled up with a coloured and gilded initial
  letter   by   the   illuminator。   Copies   thus   decorated   are   not   very   common;
  but the Aldine 〃Homer〃 of Francis I。; rescued by M。 Didot from a rubbish
  heap in an English cellar; had its due illuminations。               In the earliest books
  the guide to the illuminator; the small printed letter; does not appear; and
  he often puts in the wrong initial。
  3。   Irregularity     and    rudeness    of  type   is  a  〃note〃    of  the  primitive
  printing press;  which   very  early disappeared。            Nothing in   the  history  of
  printing is so remarkable as the beauty of almost its first efforts。                  Other
  notes are …
  4。   The absence of figures at the top of the pages; and of signatures at
  the   foot。    The   thickness   and   solidity   of   the   paper;   the   absence   of   the
  printer's name; of the date; and of the name of the town where the press
  stood; and the abundance of crabbed abbreviations; are all marks; more or
  less trustworthy; of the antiquity of books。             It must not be supposed that
  all books published; let us say before 1500; are rare; or deserve the notice
  of the collector。      More than 18;000 works; it has been calculated; left the
  press before the end of the fifteenth century。            All of these cannot possibly
  be of interest; and many of them that are 〃rare;〃 are rare precisely because
  they are uninteresting。        They have not been preserved because they were
  thought not worth preserving。           This is a great cause of rarity; but we must
  not hastily conclude that because a book found no favour in its own age;
  therefore it has no claim on our attention。             A London bookseller tells me
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  that   he   bought   the   〃remainder〃   of   Keats's   〃Endymion〃   for   fourpence   a
  copy!      The     first  edition    of  〃Endymion〃        is  now    rare   and   valued。     In
  trying to mend the binding of an old 〃Odyssey〃 lately; I extracted from the
  vellum   covers   parts   of   two   copies   of   a   very   scarce   and   curious   French
  dictionary of slang; 〃Le Jargon; ou Langage de l'Argot Reforme。〃                            This
  treatise may have been valueless; almost; when it appeared; but now it is
  serviceable   to   the   philologist;   and   to   all   who   care   to   try   to   interpret   the
  slang   ballades of   the  poet Villon。          An   old   pamphlet;  an   old satire;   may
  hold   the   key   to   some   historical   problem;   or   throw   light   on   the   past   of
  manners       and    customs。     Still;   of   the   earliest   printed    books;    collectors
  prefer such rare and beautiful ones as the oldest printed Bibles:                      German;
  English;as   Taverner's   and   the   Bishop's;or   Hebrew   and   Greek;   or   the
  first   editions   of   the   ancient   classics;   which   may   contain   the   readings   of
  MSS。 now lost or destroyed。 Talking of early Bibles; let us admire the luck
  and prudence of a certain Mr。 Sandford。                  He always longed for the first
  Hebrew  Bible;  but   would offer  no   fancy  price;  being   convinced   that   the
  book would one day fall in his way。               His foreboding was fulfilled; and he
  picked up his treasure for ten shillings in a shop in the Strand。 The taste
  for incunabula; or very early printed books; slumbered in the latter half of
  the   sixteenth;   and   all   the   seventeenth   century。   It   revived   with   the   third
  jubilee   of   printing   in   1740;   and   since   then   has   refined   itself;   and   only
  craves     books     very   early;   very    important;     or  works     from    the   press   of
  Caxton; the St。 Albans Schoolmaster; or other famous old artists。                       Enough
  has been said to show the beginner; always enthusiastic; that all old books
  are     not    precious。       For     further     information;       the   〃Biography        and
  Typography of William Caxton;〃 by Mr。 Blades (Trubner; London; 1877);
  may be consulted with profit。
  Following   the   categories   into   which   M。   Brunet   classifies   desirable
  books in his invaluable manual; we now come to books printed on vellum;
  and   on   peculiar   papers。       At   the   origin   of   printing;   examples   of   many
  books;  probably  presentation   copies;   were   printed   on   vellum。 There   is   a
  vellum copy of the celebrated Florentine first edition of Homer; but it is
  truly   sad   to   think   that   the   twin   volumes;   Iliad   and   Odyssey;   have   been
  separated;   and   pine   in   distant   libraries。     Early   printed   books   on   vellum
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  often      have     beautifully     illuminated       capitals。    Dibdin      mentions       in
  〃Bibliomania〃 (London; 1811); p。 90; that a M。 Van Praet was compiling a
  catalogue of works printed on vellum; and had collected more than 2000
  articles。     When hard things are said about Henry VIII。; let us remember
  that this monarch had a few copies of his book against Luther printed on
  vellum。      The Duke of Marlborough's library possessed twenty…five books
  on   vellum;   all   printed   before   1496。     The   chapter…house   at   Padua   has   a
  〃Catullus〃   of   1472   on   vellum;   let   Mr。   Robinson   Ellis   think   wistfully   of
  that treasure。      The notable Count M'Carthy of Toulouse had a wonderful
  library   of   books   in   membranis;   including   a   book   much   coveted   for   its
  rarity; oddity; and the beauty of its illustrations; the 〃Hypnerotomachia〃 of
  Poliphilus   (Venice;   1499)。        Vellum   was   the   favourite   〃vanity〃   of   Junot;
  Napoleon's   general。        For   reasons   connected   with   its   manufacture;   and
  best not   inquired   into;   the   Italian   vellum  enjoyed   the  greatest   reputation
  for   smooth   and   silky   whiteness。        Dibdin     calls   〃our   modern   books   on
  vellum little short of downright wretched。〃                But the editor of this series
  could; I   think;  show  examples   that   would   have   made   Dibdin   change   his
  opinion。
  Many   comparatively   expensive   papers;   large   in   format;   are   used   in
  choice     editions    of   books。     Whatman        papers;    Dutch     papers;    Chinese
  papers; and even papier verge; have all their admirers。                  The amateur will
  soon     learn    to  distinguish     these   materials。      As    to   books    printed    on
  coloured papergreen; blue; yellow; rhubarb…coloured; and the like; they
  are   an   offence   to   the   eyes   and   to   the   taste。 Yet   even   these   have   their
  admirers   and   collectors;   and   the   great   Aldus   himself   occasionally   used
  azure   paper。     Under   the   head   of   〃large   paper;〃   perhaps   〃uncut   copies〃
  should be mentioned。           Most owners of books have had the edges of the
  volumes gilded or marbled by the binders。                Thus part of the margin is lost;
  an offence to the eye of the bibliomaniac; while copies untouched by the
  binder's     shears   are   rare;  and    therefore    prized。    The     inconvenience       of
  uncut copies is; that one cannot easily turn over the leaves。                    But; in the
  present   state   of   the   fashion;   a   really   rare   uncut   Elzevir   may   be   worth
  hundreds   of