第 17 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:29      字数:9322
  commences with; a Calendar; in which are written against certain days the
  〃obits〃     of  benefactors     and    others;   so   that  a  well…   filled   Psalter   often
  becomes a historical document of high value and importance。                         The first
  page   of   the   psalms   is   ornamented   with   a   huge   B;   which   often   fills   the
  whole      page;    and    contains     a   representation       of   David     and    Goliath
  ingeniously fitted to the shape of the letter。 At the end are usually to be
  found the hymns of the Three Children; and others from the Bible together
  with   the Te   Deum;   and   sometimes;  in   late   examples;   a   litany。        In   some
  psalters     the  calendar     is  at  the   end。    These      Psalters;   and    the  Bibles
  described   above;   are   very   frequently   of   English   work;   more   frequently;
  that is; than the books of Hours and Missals。                The study of the Scriptures
  was   evidently   more   popular   in   England   than   in   the   other   countries   of
  Europe during the Middle Ages;   and   the   early  success of   the   Reformers
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  here; must   in   part; no   doubt; be   attributed   to the  wide   circulation   of the
  Bible even   before it   had   been translated   from  the Latin。         I   need   hardly;
  perhaps; observe that even fragments of a Psalter; a Testament; or a Bible
  in English; are so precious as to be practically invaluable。
  3。   We   are   indebted   to   Sir   W。   Tite   for   the   following   collation   of   a
  Flemish 〃Book of Hours〃:…
  1。  The Calendar。
  2。   Gospels of the Nativity and the Resurrection。
  3。   Preliminary Prayers (inserted occasionally)。
  4。   Horae(Nocturns and Matins)。
  5。   (Lauds)。
  6。   (Prime)。
  7。   (Tierce)。
  8。   (Sexte)。
  9。   (None)。
  10。   (Vespers)。
  11。   (Compline)。
  12。   The seven penitential Psalms
  13。   The Litany。
  14。   Hours of the Cross。
  15。   Hours of the Holy Spirit。
  16。   Office of the Dead。
  17。   The Fifteen Joys of B。 V。 M。
  18。   The seven requests to our Lord。
  19。   Prayers and Suffrages to various Saints。
  20。   Several prayers; petitions; and devotions。
  This   is   an   unusually   full   example;   but   the   calendar;   the   hours;   the
  seven psalms; and the litany; are in almost all the MSS。                The buyer must
  look carefully to see that no miniatures have been cut out; but it is only by
  counting   the   leaves   in   their   gatherings   that   he   can   make   sure。 This   is
  often impossible without breaking the binding。
  The most valuable 〃Horae〃 are those written in England。                   Some are
  of the English use (Sarum or York; or whatever it may happen to be); but
  were   written     abroad;   especially   in   Normandy;      for   the  English   market。
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  These are also valuable; even when imperfect。                  Look for the page before
  the commencement of the Hours (No。 4 in the list above); and at the end
  will   be   found   a   line   in   red;〃Incipit   Horae   secundum   usum   Sarum;〃   or
  otherwise; as the case may be。
  4。   Missals   do   not   often   occur;   and   are   not   only   very   valuable   but
  very difficult to collate; unless furnished with catch…words or signatures。
  But no Missal is complete without the Canon of the Mass; usually in the
  middle   of   the   book;   and   if   there   are   any   illuminations   throughout   the
  volume; there will be a full page Crucifixion; facing the Canon。                      Missals
  of large size and completeness contain(1) a Calendar; (2) 〃the proper of
  the Season;〃 (3) the ordinary and Canon of the Mass; (4) the Communal of
  Saints;   (5)   the   proper   of   Saints   and   special   occasions;   (6)   the   lessons;
  epistles; and gospels; with (7) some hymns; 〃proses;〃 and canticles。                      This
  is   Sir   W。   Tite's   list;   but;   as   he   remarks;   MS。   Missals   seldom   contain   so
  much。      The collector will look for the Canon; which is invariable。
  Breviaries run to an immense length; and are seldom illuminated。                         It
  would be impossible to give them any kind of collation; and the same may
  be said of many other kinds of old service…books; and of the chronicles;
  poems;   romances;   and   herbals;   in   which   mediaeval   literature   abounded;
  and which the collector must judge as best he can。
  The name of 〃missal〃 is commonly and falsely given to all old service…
  books   by   the   booksellers;   but   the   collector   will   easily   distinguish   one
  when   he   sees   it;   from   the   notes   I   have   given。   In   a   Sarum   Missal;   at
  Alnwick; there is a colophon quoted by my lamented friend Dr。 Rock in
  his   〃Textile   Fabrics。〃      It   is   appropriate   both   to   the   labours   of   the   old
  scribes and also to those of their modern readers:…
  〃Librum       ScribendoJon       Whas      Monachus       laborabat      …  Et   mane
  Surgendomultum corpus macerabat。〃
  It   is   one   of   the   charms   of   manuscripts   that   they   illustrate;   in   their
  minute   way;   all   the   art;   and   even   the   social   condition;   of   the   period   in
  which      they   were    produced。      Apostles;      saints;   and   prophets     wear    the
  contemporary   costume;   and   Jonah;   when   thrown   to   the   hungry   whale;
  wears doublet and trunk hose。             The ornaments illustrate the architectural
  taste    of  the  day。    The    backgrounds       change     from   diapered      patterns   to
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  landscapes;       as   the   modern     way     of  looking     at   nature    penetrates     the
  monasteries   and   reaches   the   scriptorium   where   the   illuminator   sits   and
  refreshes his eyes with the sight of the slender trees and blue distant hills。
  Printed books have not such resources。                They can only show varieties of
  type;   quaint   frontispieces;   printers'   devices;   and   fleurons   at   the   heads   of
  chapters。      These attractions; and even the engravings of a later day; seem
  meagre      enough      compared      with    the   allurements      of  manuscripts。       Yet
  printed books   must   almost   always   make   the greater   part   of   a   collection;
  and it may be well to give some rules as to the features that distinguish the
  productions   of   the   early   press。   But   no   amount   of   〃rules〃   is   worth   six
  months'      practical     experience      in   bibliography。       That     experience       the
  amateur;   if   he   is   wise;   will   obtain   in   a   public   library;   like   the   British
  Museum  or   the   Bodleian。   Nowhere   else   is   he   likely   to   see   much   of   the
  earliest of printed books; which very seldom come into the market。
  Those of the first German press are so rare that practically they never
  reach the hands of the ordinary collector。                Among them are the famous
  Psalters printed by Fust and Schoffer; the earliest of which is dated 1457;
  and the bible known as the Mazarine Bible。                  Two copies of this last were
  in   the   Perkins   sale。   I   well   remember   the   excitement   on   that   occasion。
  The   first   copy   put   up   was   the   best;   being   printed   upon   vellum。        The
  bidding      commenced        at  1000    pounds;     and   very   speedily     rose   to    2200
  pounds; at   which point   there  was   a  long pause; it   then   rose in   hundreds
  with very little delay to 3400 pounds; at which it was knocked down to a
  bookseller。      The second copy was on paper; and there were those present
  who said it was better than the other; which had a suspicion attaching to it
  of having been 〃restored〃 with a facsimile leaf。                  The first bid was again
  1000 pounds; which the buyer of the previous copy made guineas; and the
  bidding speedily went up to 2660 pounds; at which price the first bidder
  paused。      A  third   bidder   had   stepped   in   at   1960   pounds;   and   now;   amid
  breathless   excitement;   bid   10   pounds   more。           This   he   had   to   do   twice
  before the book was knocked down to him at 2690 pounds。
  A scene like this has really very little to do with book…collecting。 The
  beginner   must   labour   hard