第 2 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9322
  He wags his head sagely and rattles the dry bones of dead and buried ideas。
  His lips mumble   mouldy phrases; such   as; 〃Men are   not born equal   and
  never   can   be;〃   〃It   is   Utopian   and   impossible;〃   〃Abstinence   should   be
  rewarded;〃 〃Man will first have to be born again;〃 〃Cooperative colonies
  have   always   failed;〃   and   〃What   if   we   do   divide   up?   in   ten   years   there
  would be rich and poor men such as there are today。〃
  It   surely    is  time   that   the   capitalists    knew     something      about    this
  socialism that they feel menaces them。 And it is the hope of the writer that
  the socialistic studies in this volume may in some slight degree enlighten a
  few capitalistic minds。 The capitalist must learn; first and for always; that
  socialism is based; not upon the equality; but upon the inequality; of men。
  Next;   he   must   learn   that   no   new   birth   into   spiritual   purity   is   necessary
  before   socialism   becomes   possible。   He   must   learn   that   socialism   deals
  with what is; not with what ought to be; and that the material with which it
  deals is the 〃clay of the common road;〃 the warm human; fallible and frail;
  sordid and petty; absurd and contradictory; even grotesque; and yet; withal;
  shot through   with   flashes   and   glimmerings   of   something   finer   and   God…
  like; with here and there sweetnesses of service and unselfishness; desires
  for   goodness;   for   renunciation   and   sacrifice;   and   with   conscience;   stern
  and awful; at times blazingly imperious; demanding the right;the right;
  nothing more nor less than the right。
  JACK LONDON。 OAKLAND; CALIFORNIA。 January 12; 1905。
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  War of the Classes
  THE CLASS STRUGGLE
  Unfortunately or otherwise; people are prone to believe in the reality
  of the things they think ought to be so。 This comes of the cheery optimism
  which is innate with life itself; and; while it may sometimes be deplored; it
  must never be censured; for; as a rule; it is productive of more good than
  harm;   and   of   about   all   the   achievement   there   is   in   the   world。   There   are
  cases   where   this   optimism   has   been   disastrous;   as   with   the   people   who
  lived in Pompeii during its last quivering days; or with the aristocrats of
  the    time    of   Louis    XVI;     who    confidently      expected     the   Deluge     to
  overwhelm         their   children;     or   their   children's     children;    but    never
  themselves。       But   there   is  small    likelihood     that   the  case    of  perverse
  optimism  here   to   be   considered   will   end   in   such   disaster;   while   there   is
  every   reason   to   believe   that   the   great   change   now   manifesting   itself   in
  society   will   be   as   peaceful   and   orderly   in   its   culmination   as   it   is   in   its
  present development。
  Out of their constitutional optimism; and because a class struggle is an
  abhorred and dangerous thing; the great American people are unanimous
  in asserting that there is no class struggle。 And by 〃American people〃 is
  meant   the   recognized   and   authoritative   mouth…   pieces   of   the   American
  people; which are the press; the pulpit; and the university。 The journalists;
  the preachers; and the professors are practically of one voice in declaring
  that there is no such thing as a class struggle now going on; much less that
  a class struggle will ever go on; in the United States。 And this declaration
  they continually make in the face of a multitude of facts which impeach;
  not so much their sincerity; as affirm; rather; their optimism。
  There are two ways of approaching the subject of the class struggle。
  The   existence   of   this   struggle   can   be   shown   theoretically;   and   it   can   be
  shown actually。 For a class struggle to exist in society there must be; first;
  a class inequality; a superior class and an inferior class (as measured by
  power); and; second; the outlets must be closed whereby the strength and
  ferment of the inferior class have been permitted to escape。
  That there are even classes in the United States is vigorously denied by
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  War of the Classes
  many;   but   it   is   incontrovertible;   when   a   group   of   individuals   is   formed;
  wherein the members are bound together by common interests which are
  peculiarly   their   interests   and   not   the   interests   of   individuals   outside   the
  group;   that   such   a   group   is   a   class。   The   owners   of   capital;   with   their
  dependents; form a class of this nature in the United States; the working
  people form a similar class。 The interest of the capitalist class; say; in the
  matter of income tax; is quite contrary to the interest of the laboring class;
  and; VICE VERSA; in the matter of poll…tax。
  If   between   these   two   classes   there   be   a   clear   and   vital   conflict   of
  interest; all   the   factors   are   present   which make   a   class   struggle; but   this
  struggle will lie dormant if the strong and capable members of the inferior
  class   be   permitted   to   leave   that   class   and   join   the   ranks   of   the   superior
  class。 The capitalist class and the working class have existed side by side
  and    for   a  long   time    in  the  United     States;   but   hitherto   all  the   strong;
  energetic members of the working class have been able to rise out of their
  class and become owners of capital。 They were enabled to do this because
  an    undeveloped       country     with   an   expanding       frontier   gave    equality    of
  opportunity to all。 In the almost lottery…like scramble for the ownership of
  vast unowned natural resources; and in the exploitation of which there was
  little   or   no   competition   of   capital;   (the   capital   itself   rising   out   of   the
  exploitation); the capable; intelligent member of the working class found a
  field in which to use his brains to his own advancement。 Instead of being
  discontented   in   direct   ratio   with   his   intelligence   and   ambitions;   and   of
  radiating   amongst        his   fellows   a   spirit  of  revolt   as  capable   as    he   was
  capable; he left them to their fate and carved his own way to a place in the
  superior class。
  But the day of an expanding frontier; of a lottery…like scramble for the
  ownership of natural resources; and of the upbuilding of new industries; is
  past。 Farthest West has been reached; and an immense volume of surplus
  capital roams for investment and nips in the bud the patient efforts of the
  embryo capitalist to   rise through slow  increment from small   beginnings。
  The gateway of opportunity after opportunity has been closed; and closed
  for all time。 Rockefeller has shut the door on oil; the American Tobacco
  Company on tobacco; and Carnegie on steel。 After Carnegie came Morgan;
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  War of the Classes
  who triple… locked the door。 These doors will not open again; and before
  them  pause   thousands   of   ambitious   young   men   to   read   the   placard:   NO
  THOROUGH…FARE。
  And day by day more doors are shut; while the ambitious young men
  continue   to   be   born。   It   is   they;   denied   the   opportunity   to   rise   from   the
  working class; who preach revolt to the working class。 Had he been born
  fifty years later; Andrew Carnegie; the poor Scotch boy; might have risen
  to be president of his union; or of a federation of unions; but that he would
  never     have    become      the   builder    of   Homestead        and   the   founder     of
  multitudinous libraries; is   as   certain   as   it   is   certain that some   other  man
  would have developed the steel industry had Andrew Carnegie never been
  born。
  Theoretically;   then;      there   exist  in   the  United   States    all   the  factors
  which go to make a class struggle。 There are the capitalists and working
  classes;   the   interests   of   which   conflict;   while   the   working   class   is   no
  longer being emasculated to the extent it was in the past by having drawn
  off   from   it   its   best   blood   and   brains。   Its   more   capable   members   are   no
  longer able to rise out of it and leave the great mass leaderless and helpless。
  They remain to be its leaders。
  But the optimistic mouthpieces of the great American people; who are
  themselves deft theoreticians; are not to be convinced by mere theoretics。
  So   it   remains   to   demonstrate