第 42 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9322
  Euth。   No;   nor   ignorance   of   any   of   these:   rather   the   reverse;   for   the
  majority   of   those   who   do   know   just   these   matters   are   〃little   better   than
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  slaves。〃
  Soc。 You mean it is a title particularly to those who are ignorant of the
  beautiful; the good; the just?'40'
  '40' Cf。 Goethe's 〃Im Ganzen Guten Schonen resolut zu leben。〃
  It is; in my opinion (he replied)。
  Soc。   Then     we   must   in  every   way   strain   every   nerve   to   avoid   the
  imputation of being slaves?
  Euth。 Nay; Socrates; by all that is holy; I did flatter myself that at any
  rate   I   was   a   student   of   philosophy;   and   on   the   right   road   to   be   taught
  everything essential to one who would fain make beauty and goodness his
  pursuit。'41' So that now you may well imagine my despair when; for all
  my pains expended; I cannot even answer the questions put to me about
  what most of all a man should know; and there is no path of progress open
  to me; no avenue of improvement left。
  '41'    {tes   kalokagathias};     the   virtue   of  the   {kalos    te  kagathos}
  nobility of soul。 Cf。 above; I。 vi。 14。
  Thereupon   Socrates:   Tell   me;   Euthydemus;   have   you   ever   been   to
  Delphi?
  Yes; certainly; twice (said he)。
  Soc。   And   did   you   notice   an   inscription   somewhere   on   the   temple:
  {GNOMI              SEAUTON}KNOW THYSELF?
  Euth。 I did。
  Soc。  Did   you;   possibly;   pay  no   regard   to   the   inscription?   or   did   you
  give it heed and try to discover who and what you were?
  I can safely say I did not (he answered)。 That much I made quite sure I
  knew; at any rate; since if I did not know even myself; what in the world
  did I know?
  Soc。 Can a man be said; do you think; to know himself who knows his
  own name and nothing more? or must he not rather set to work precisely
  like the would…be purchaser of a horse; who certainly does not think that
  he has got the knowledge he requires until he has discovered whether the
  beast is tractable or stubborn; strong or weak; quick or slow; and how it
  stands with the other points; serviceable or the reverse; in reference to the
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  use    and   purpose     of   a  horse?    So;   I  say;  must    a  man    in   like  manner
  interrogate his own nature in reference to a man's requirements; and learn
  to know his own capacities; must he not?
  Euth。 Yes; so it strikes me: he who knows not his own ability knows
  not himself。
  Soc。 And this too is plain; is it not: that through self…knowledge men
  meet with countless blessings; and through ignorance of themselves with
  many      evils?    Because;     the   man     who    knows     himself     knows     what     is
  advantageous   to   himself;   he   discerns   the   limits   of   his   powers;   and   by
  doing what he knows; he provides himself with what he needs and so does
  well; or; conversely; by holding aloof from what he knows not; he avoids
  mistakes   and   thereby   mishaps。   And   having   now   a   test   to   gauge   other
  human   beings   he   uses   their   need   as   a   stepping…stone   to   provide   himself
  with good and to avoid evil。 Whereas he who does not know himself; but
  is   mistaken   as   to   his   own   capacity;   is   in   like   predicament   to   the   rest   of
  mankind and all human matters else; he neither knows what he wants; nor
  what he is doing; nor the people whom he deals with; and being all abroad
  in these respects; he misses what is good and becomes involved in what is
  ill。
  Again;   he   that   knows   what   he   is   doing   through   the   success   of   his
  performance attains to fame and honour; his peers and co…mates are glad
  to make use of him; whilst his less successful neighbours; failing in their
  affairs; are anxious to secure his advice; his guidance; his protection;'42'
  they  place   their   hopes   of   happiness   in   him;   and   for   all   these   causes'43'
  single him out as the chief object of their affection。 He; on the contrary;
  who knows not what he does; who chooses amiss and fails in what he puts
  his   hands   to;   not   only   incurs   loss   and   suffers   chastisement   through   his
  blunders; but step by step loses reputation and becomes a laughing…stock;
  and in the end is doomed to a life of dishonour and contempt。
  '42' Cf。 Dante; 〃Tu duca; tu maestro; tu signore。〃
  '43'    Reading;     {dia    panta   tauta};    or  if  {dia   tauta};   translate    〃and
  therefore。〃
  What is true of individuals is true also of communities。'44' That state
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  which   in   ignorance   of   its   power   goes   to   war   with   a   stronger   than   itself
  ends by being uprooted or else reduced to slavery。
  '44'  Or;   more   lit。  〃A  law  which   applies;  you   will observe;  to   bodies
  politic。〃
  Thereupon Euthydemus: Be assured I fully concur in your opinion; the
  precept KNOW THYSELF cannot be too   highly valued; but what is   the
  application? What the starting…point of self…examination? I look to you for
  an explanation; if you would kindly give one。'45'
  '45' Or; 〃at what point to commence the process of self…inspection?
  there is the mystery。 I look to you; if you are willing; to                  interpret it。〃
  Well (replied Socrates); I presume you know quite well the distinction
  between good and bad things: your knowledge may be relied upon so far?
  Why;     yes;   to  be   sure   (replied   the   youth);    for  without    that   much
  discernment I should indeed be worse than any slave。'46'
  '46' Lit。 〃if I did not know even that。〃
  Come then (said he); do you give me an explanation of the things so
  termed。
  That is fortunately not hard (replied the youth)。 First of all; health in
  itself I hold to be a good; and disease in itself an evil; and in the next place
  the sources of either of those aforenamed; meats and drinks; and habits of
  life;'47'   I   regard   as   good   or   evil   according   as   they   contribute   either   to
  health or to disease。
  '47' Or; 〃pursuits and occupations〃; 〃manners and customs。〃
  Soc。    Then    health    and   disease    themselves     when     they   prove    to  be
  soruces of any good are good; but when of any evil; evil?
  And   when   (asked   he);   can   health   be   a   source   of   evil;   or   disease   a
  source of good?
  Why;     bless   me!   often   enough     (replied   Socrates)。    In   the  event;   for
  instance;   of   some   ill…starred   expedition   or   of   some   disastrous   voyage   or
  other incident of the sort; of which veritably there are enough to spare
  when those who owing to their health and strength take a part in the affair
  are lost; whilst those who were left behindas hors de combat; on account
  of ill…health of other feeblenessare saved。
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  Euth。 Yes; you are right; but you will admit that there are advantages
  to be got from strength and lost through weakness。
  Soc。    Even    so;  but   ought   we    to  regard   those   things   which     at  one
  moment benefit and at another moment injure us in any strict sense good
  rather than evil?
  Euth。    No;    certainly   not;   according     to  that  line   of  argument。     But
  wisdom;'48' Socrates; you must on your side admit; is irrefragably a good;
  since there is nothing which or in which a wise man would not do better
  than a fool。
  '48' See above; III。 ix。 5。 Here {sophia} is not = {sophrosune}。
  Soc。 What say  you? Have   you never   heard of   Daedalus;'49' how  he
  was seized by Minos on account of his wisdom; and forced to be his slave;
  and   robbed   of   fatherland   and   freedom   at   one   swoop?   and   how;   while
  endeavouring to make his escape with his son; he caused the boy's death
  without effecting his own salvation; but was carried off among barbarians
  and again enslaved?
  '49'   See   Ovid。   〃Met。〃   viii。   159    foll。;   261  foll。;   Hygin。   〃Fab。〃   39;
  40; Diod。 Sic。 iv。 79; Paus。 vii。 4。 6。
  Yes; I know the old story (he answered)。'50'
  '50' Or; 〃Ah yes; of course; the tale is current。〃
  Soc。   Or   have   you   not   heard   of   the   〃woes   of   Palamedes;〃'51'   that
  commonest   theme   of   son