第 2 节
作者:卖吻      更新:2024-04-09 19:51      字数:9321
  {atimetos metanastes} of Homer; 〃Il。〃 ix。 648); the reference is                            not
  to disabilities in the technical sense; but to humiliating                      duties; such
  as the {skaphephoria} imposed on the men; or the                        {udriaphoria} and
  {skiadephoria} imposed on their wives and                        daughters in attendance
  on     the   {kanephoroi}        at   the   Panathenaic       and            other     festival
  processions。 See Arist。 〃Eccles。〃 730 foll。;                   Boeckh; 〃P。 E。 A。〃 IV。 x。
  (Eng。 tr。 G。 Cornewall Lewis; p。 538)。
  '5'   Or;   reading   {megas   men   gar   o   agon;   mega   de   kai   to   apo   ton
  tekhnon           kai ton oikeion apienai}; after Zurborg (〃Xen。 de Reditibus
  Libellus;〃      Berolini;      MDCCCLXXVI。);             transl。    〃since     it  is   severe
  enough to enter the arena of war; but all the worse when that                         implies
  the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns。〃
  '6'   Or;   〃instead   of   finding   themselves   brigaded   as   nowadays   with   a
  motley crew of Lydians;〃 etc。
  '7' Zurborg; after Cobet; omits the words so rendered。
  '8' See 〃Hipparch。〃 ix。 3; where Xenophon in almost identical words
  recommends         that  reform。     In   the   next   place;   seeing    that   there   are  at
  present   numerous   building   sites   within   the   city   walls   as   yet   devoid   of
  houses;  supposing   the   state   were   to   make   free   grants   of   such   land'9'   to
  foreigners for building purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as
  to   the   respectability  of   the   applicant;   if   I   am  not   mistaken;   the   result   of
  such   a   measure   will   be   that   a   larger   number   of   persons;   and   of   a   better
  class; will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence。
  '9' Or; 〃offer the fee simple of such property to。〃
  Lastly; if   we   could   bring ourselves to   appoint;  as   a   new government
  office;   a   board   of   guardians   of   foreign   residents   like   our   Guardians   of
  Orphans;'10'        with   special    privileges    assigned     to  those   guardians     who
  should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens such a
  measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question; and
  in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to the
  status of foreign residents in Athens; and so further increase the revenues
  of the city。'11'
  '10'   〃The Archon   was   the   legal   protector   of   all   orphans。   It   was   his
  duty to appoint guardians; if none were named in the father's                         will。〃
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  C。   R。  Kennedy;    Note   to  〃Select  Speeches    of  Demosthenes。〃           The
  orphans     of  those   who    had   fallen  in  the   war   (Thuc。    ii。  46)  were
  specially cared for。
  '11' Or; 〃help to swell the state exchequer。〃
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  III
  At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions
  and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise。 In the first
  place;    it  will  hardly    be  denied    that   we   possess    the   finest  and   safest
  harbourage for shipping; where vessels of all sorts can come to moorings
  and    be   laid  up   in  absolute    security'1'    as   far  as  stress   of  weather     is
  concerned。   But   further   than   that;   in   most   states   the   trader   is   under   the
  necessity     of   lading   his  vessel    with   some    merchandise'2'        or  other   in
  exchange for his cargo; since the current coin'3' has no circulation beyond
  the frontier。 But at Athens he has a choice: he can either in return for his
  wares export a variety of goods; such as human beings seek after; or; if he
  does   not   desire   to   take   goods   in   exchange   for   goods;   he   has   simply   to
  export silver; and he cannot have a more excellent freight to export; since
  wherever he likes to sell it he may look to realise a large percentage on his
  capital。'4'
  '1'   Reading   {adeos}   after   Cobet;   or   if   {edeos};   transl。   〃in   perfect
  comfort。〃
  '2' Or; 〃of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie。〃
  '3'   I。e。   of   the   particular   locality。   See   〃The   Types   of   Greek   Coins;〃
  Percy Gardner; ch。 ii。 〃International Currencies among the                       Greeks。〃
  '4' Or; 〃on the original outlay。〃
  Or again; supposing prizes'5' were offered to the magistrates in charge
  of    the   market'6'     for  equitable     and   speedy     settlements     of   points   in
  dispute'7' to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage without
  hindrance; the result would be that far more traders would trade with us
  and with greater satisfaction。
  '5' Cf。 〃Hiero;〃 ix。 6; 7; 11; 〃Hipparch。〃 i。 26。
  '6'    {to   tou   emporiou       arkhe}。    Probably      he   is  referring    to   the
  {epimeletai emporiou} (overseers of the market)。 See Harpocr。                            s。v。;
  Aristot。 〃Athenian Polity;〃 51。
  '7'   For   the   sort   of   case;   see   Demosth。   (or   Deinarch。)   〃c。   Theocr。〃
  1324; Zurborg ad loc。; Boeckh; I。 ix。 xv。 (pp。 48; 81; Eng。 tr。)
  It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks of
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  honour;      such    as   the   privilege     of   the   front    seat;   to   merchants      and
  shipowners;   and   on   occasion   to   invite   to   hospitable   entertainment   those
  who;   through   something   notable   in   the   quality   of   ship   or   merchandise;
  may claim to have done the state a service。 The recipients of these honours
  will rush into our arms as friends; not only under the incentive of gain; but
  of distinction also。
  Now   the   greater   the   number   of   people   attracted   to Athens   either   as
  visitors or as residents; clearly the greater the development of imports and
  exports。 More goods will be sent out of the country;'8' there will be more
  buying   and   selling;   with   a   consequent   influx   of   money   in   the   shape   of
  rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state exchequer。 And to
  secure this augmentation of the revenues; mind you; not the outlay of one
  single penny; nothing needed beyond one or two philanthropic measures
  and certain details of supervision。'9'
  '8' See Zurborg; 〃Comm。〃 p。 24。
  '9' See Aristot。 〃Pol。〃 iv。 15; 3。
  With   regard   to   the   other   sources   of   revenue   which   I   contemplate;   I
  admit; it is different。 For these I recognise the necessity of a capital'10' to
  begin with。 I am not; however; without good hope that the citizens of this
  state will contribute heartily to such an object; when I reflect on the large
  sums   subscribed   by   the   state   on   various   late   occasions;   as;   for   instance;
  when   reinforcements   were   sent   to   the Arcadians   under   the   command   of
  Lysistratus;'11' and again at the date of the generalship of Hegesileos。'12'
  I   am   well   aware   that   ships   of   war   are   frequently   despatched   and   that
  too'13' although it is uncertain whether the venture will be for the better
  or   for   the   worse;   and   the   only   certainty   is   that   the   contributor   will   not
  recover   the   sum   subscribed   nor   have   any   further   share   in   the   object   for
  which he gave his contribution。'14'
  '10' 〃A starting…point。〃
  '11' B。C。 366; cf。 〃Hell。〃 VII。 iv。 3。
  '12'   B。C。     362;   cf。  〃Hell。〃    VII。   v。  15。   See   Grote;    〃H。   G。〃   x。  459;
  Ephor。      ap。   Diog。    Laert。    ii。  54;   Diod。     Sic。   xv。   84;   Boeckh;      ap。   L。
  Dindorf。 Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain。
  '13' Reading {kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos}; after Zurborg。
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  '14' Reading {'uper' on an eisenegkosi} with Zurborg。 See his note;
  〃Comm。〃 p。 25。
  But for a sound investment'15' I know of nothing comparable with the
  initial outlay to form this fund。'16' Any one whose contribution amounts
  to ten minae'17' may look forward to a return as high as he would get on
  bottomry; of nearly one…fifth;'18' as the recipient of three obols a day。 The
  contributor of five minae'19' will on the same