第 1 节
作者:卖吻      更新:2024-04-09 19:51      字数:9322
  On Revenues
  On Revenues
  by Xenophon
  Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
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  On Revenues
  Xenophon       the  Athenian     was    born   431    B。C。   He   was    a  pupil   of
  Socrates。   He   marched   with   the   Spartans;   and   was   exiled   from   Athens。
  Sparta   gave   him   land   and   property   in   Scillus;   where   he   lived   for   many
  years before having to move once more; to settle in Corinth。 He died in
  354 B。C。
  Revenues describes Xenophon's ideas to solve the problem of poverty
  in Athens; and thus remove an excuse to mistreat the Athenian allies。
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  On Revenues
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  For   myself     I  hold   to   the  opinion    that   the   qualities   of  the  leading
  statesmen in a state; whatever they be; are reproduced in the character of
  the constitution itself。'1'
  '1'   〃Like   minister;   like   government。〃   For   the   same   idea   more   fully
  expressed; see 〃Cyrop。〃 VIII。 i。 8; viii。 5。
  As;  however;   it   has   been   maintained   by  certain   leading   statesmen   in
  Athens   that   the   recognised       standard   of   right   and   wrong     is   as   high  at
  Athens   as   elsewhere;   but   that;   owing   to   the   pressure   of   poverty   on   the
  masses;   a   certain   measure   of   injustice   in   their   dealing   with   the   allied
  states'2'   could   not   be   avoided;   I   set   myself   to   discover   whether   by   any
  manner      of   means     it  were    possible    for   the  citizens    of  Athens     to   be
  supported   solely   from   the   soil   of Attica   itself;   which   was   obviously   the
  most equitable solution。 For if so; herein lay; as I believed; the antidote at
  once to their own poverty and to the feeling of suspicion with which they
  are regarded by the rest of Hellas。
  '2' Lit。 〃the cities;〃 i。e。 of the alliance; {tas summakhidas}。
  I had no sooner begun my investigation than one fact presented itself
  clearly to my mind; which is that the country itself is made by nature to
  provide the amplest resources。 And with a view to establishing the truth of
  this initial proposition I will describe the physical features of Attica。
  In the first place; the extraordinary mildness of the climate is proved
  by the actual products of the soil。 Numerous plants which in many parts of
  the world appear as stunted leafless growths are here fruit…bearing。 And as
  with the soil so with the sea indenting our coasts; the varied productivity
  of which is exceptionally great。 Again with regard to those kindly fruits of
  earth'3' which Providence bestows on man season by season; one and all
  they commence earlier and end later in this land。 Nor is the supremacy of
  Attica   shown   only   in   those   products   which   year   after   year   flourish   and
  grow old; but the land contains treasures of a more perennial kind。 Within
  its folds lies imbedded by nature an unstinted store of marble; out of which
  are    chiselled'4'    temples     and   altars   of  rarest   beauty    and   the   glittering
  splendour   of   images   sacred   to   the   gods。   This   marble;   moreover;   is   an
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  On Revenues
  obejct of desire to many foreigners; Hellenes and barbarians alike。 Then
  there is land which; although it yields no fruit to the sower; needs only to
  be quarried in order to feed many times more mouths than it could as corn…
  land。 Doubtless we owe it to a divine dispensation that our land is veined
  with silver; if we consider how many neighbouring states lie round us by
  land and sea and yet into none of them does a single thinnest vein of silver
  penetrate。
  '3' Lit。 〃those good things which the gods afford in their seasons。〃
  '4' Or; 〃arise;〃 or 〃are fashioned。〃
  Indeed   it   would     be   scarcely   irrational   to   maintain      that   the   city   of
  Athens lies at the navel; not of Hellas merely; but of the habitable world。
  So   true   is   it;   that   the   farther   we   remove   from   Athens   the   greater   the
  extreme of heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another illustration;
  the traveller who desires to traverse the confines of Hellas from end to end
  will   find that;  whether   he   voyages by  sea   or   by  land;  he is describing   a
  circle; the centre of which is Athens。'5'
  '5'   See   〃Geog。   of   Brit。   Isles。〃   J。   R。   and   S。   A。   Green;   ch。   i。   p。   7:
  〃London;       in   fact;   is  placed    at   what    is  very    nearly    the   geometrical
  centre     of  those    masses     of  land    which    make     up   the   earth   surface    of
  the    globe;    and   is  thus   more     than   any    city  of   the   world    the   natural
  point of convergence  for its   different lines of  navigation;〃 etc。                       The
  natural advantages of Boeotia are similarly set forth by                        Ephorus。 Cf。
  Strab。 ix。 2; p。 400。
  Once      more;     this   land    though     not   literally    sea…girt    has   all   the
  advantages   of   an   island;   being   accessible   to   every  wind   that   blows;   and
  can   invite   to   its   bosom   or   waft   from   its   shore   all   products;   since   it   is
  peninsular; whilst by land it is the emporium of many markets; as being a
  portion of the continent。
  Lastly;   while   the   majority   of   states   have   barbarian   neighbours;   the
  source of many troubles; Athens has as her next…door neighbours civilised
  states which are themselves far remote from the barbarians。
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  On Revenues
  II
  All   these   advantages;   to   repeat   what   I   have   said;   may;   I   believe;   be
  traced primarily to the soil and position of Attica itself。 But these natural
  blessings may be added to: in the first place; by a careful handling of our
  resident alien'1' population。 And; for my part; I can hardly conceive of a
  more splendid source of revenue than lies open in this direction。 Here you
  have a self…supporting class of residents confering large benefits upon the
  state; and instead of receiving payment'2' themselves; contributing on the
  contrary to the gain of the exchequer by the sojourners' tax。'3' Nor; under
  the    term    careful    handling;     do   I  demand      more    than    the   removal     of
  obligations which; whilst they confer no benefit on the state; have an air of
  inflicting various disabilities on the resident aliens。'4' And I would further
  relieve them from the obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with
  the   citizen   proper;   since;   beside   the   personal   risk;   which   is   great;   the
  trouble of quitting trades and homesteads is no trifle。'5' Incidentally the
  state itself would benefit by this exemption; if the citizens were more in
  the   habit   of   campaigning   with   one   another;   rather   than'6'   shoulder   to
  shoulder      with    Lydians;     Phrygians;      Syrians;    and    barbarians     from     all
  quarters   of   the   world;   who   form   the   staple   of   our   resident   alien   class。
  Besides      the  advantage      'of   so  weeding      the  ranks';'7'     it  would    add   a
  positive   lustre   to   our   city;   were   it   admitted   that   the   men   of Athens;   her
  sons;   have   reliance   on   themselves   rather   than   on   foreigners   to   fight   her
  battles。 And   further;   supposing   we   offered   our   resident   aliens   a   share   in
  various other honourable duties; including the cavalry service;'8' I shall be
  surprised   if   we   do   not   increase   the   goodwill   of   the   aliens   themselves;
  whilst at the same time we add distinctly to the strength and grandeur of
  our city。
  '1' Lit。 〃metics〃 or 〃metoecs。〃
  '2' {misthos}; e。g。 of the assembly; the senate; and the dicasts。
  '3' The {metoikion}。 See Plat。 〃Laws;〃 850 B; according to Isaeus; ap。
  Harpocr。      s。v。;   it  was    12   drachmae       per   annum      for   a   male    and    6
  drachmae for a female。
  '4' Or; 〃the class in question。〃 According to Schneider (who cites the
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  On Revenues
  {atimetos metanastes} of Homer; 〃Il。〃 ix。 648); the reference is                            not
  to di