The　Psychology　of　Revolution
  Gustave　le　Bon
  CONTENTS
  INTRODUCTION。　　THE　REVISION　OF　HISTORY
  PART　I
  THE　PSYCHOLOGICAL　ELEMENTS　OF　REVOLUTIONARY　MOVEMENTS
  BOOK　I
  GENERAL　CHARACTERISTICS　OF　REVOLUTIONS
  CHAPTER　I。　　SCIENTIFIC　AND　POLITICAL　REVOLUTIONS
  1。　　Classification　of　Revolutions
  2。　　Scientific　Revolutions
  3。　　Political　Revolutions
  4。　　The　results　of　Political　Revolutions
  CHAPTER　II。　　RELIGIOUS　REVOLUTIONS
  1。　　The　importance　of　the　study　of　Religious　Revolutions　in
  respect　of　the　comprehension　of　the　great　Political
  Revolutions
  2。　　The　beginnings　of　the　Reformation　and　its　first
  disciples
  3。　　Rational　value　of　the　doctrines　of　the　Reformation
  4。　　Propagation　of　the　Reformation
  5。　　Conflict　between　different　religious　beliefs。　　The
  impossibility　of　tolerance
  6。　　The　results　of　Religious　Revolutions
  CHAPTER　III。　　THE　ACTION　OF　GOVERNMENTS　IN　REVOLUTIONS
  1。　　The　feeble　resistance　of　Governments　in　time　of
  Revolution
  2。　　How　the　resistance　of　Governments　may　overcome
  Revolution
  3。　　Revolutions　effected　by　Governments。　　Examples：　China；
  Turkey；　&c
  4。　　Social　elements　which　survive　the　changes　of　Government
  after　Revolution
  CHAPTER　IV。　THE　PART　PLAYED　BY　THE　PEOPLE　IN　REVOLUTIONS
  1。　　The　stability　and　malleability　Of　the　national　mind
  2。　　How　the　People　regards　Revolution
  3。　　The　supposed　part　of　the　People　during　Revolution
  4。　　The　popular　entity　and　its　constituent　elements
  BOOK　II
  THE　FORMS　OF　MENTALITY　PREVALENT　DURING　REVOLUTION
  CHAPTER　I。　INDIVIDUAL　VARIATIONS　OF　CHARACTER　IN　TIME　OF
  REVOLUTION
  1。　　Transformations　of　Personality
  2。　　Elements　of　character　predominant　in　time　of　Revolution
  CHAPTER　II。　　THE　MYSTIC　MENTALITY　AND　THE　JACOBIN　MENTALITY
  1。　　Classification　of　mentalities　predominant　in　time　of
  Revolution
  2。　　The　Mystic　Mentality
  3。　　The　Jacobin　Mentality
  CHAPTER　III。　　THE　REVOLUTIONARY　AND　CRIMINAL　MENTALITIES
  1。　　The　Revolutionary　Mentality
  2。　　The　Criminal　Mentality
  CHAPTER　IV。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　REVOLUTIONARY　CROWDS
  1。　　General　characteristics　of　the　crowd
  2。　　How　the　stability　of　the　racial　mind　limits　the
  oscillations　of　the　mind　of　the　crowd
  3。　　The　role　of　the　leader　in　Revolutionary　Movements
  CHAPTER　V。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　THE　REVOLUTIONARY　ASSEMBLIES
  1。　　Psychological　characteristics　of　the　great　Revolutionary
  Assemblies
  2。　　The　Psychology　of　the　Revolutionary　Clubs
  3。　　A　suggested　explanation　of　the　progressive　exaggeration
  of　sentiments　in　assemblies
  PART　II
  BOOK　I
  THE　ORIGINS　OF　THE　FRENCH　REVOLUTION
  CHAPTER　1。　　THE　OPINIONS　OF　HISTORIANS　CONCERNING　THE　FRENCH
  REVOLUTION
  1。　　The　Historians　of　the　Revolution
  2。　　The　theory　of　Fatalism　in　respect　of　the　Revolution
  3。　　The　hesitation　of　recent　Historians　of　the　Revolution
  4。　　Impartiality　in　History
  CHAPTER　II。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGICAL　FOUNDATIONS　OF　THE　ANCIEN　REGIME
  1。　　The　Absolute　Monarchy　and　the　Basis　of　the　Ancien　Regime
  2。　　The　inconveniences　of　the　Ancien　Regime
  3。　　Life　under　the　Ancien　Regime
  4。　　Evolution　of　Monarchical　feeling　during　the　Revolution
  CHAPTER　III。　　MENTAL　ANARCHY　AT　THE　TIME　OF　THE　REVOLUTION
  AND　THE　INFLUENCE　ATTRIBUTED　TO　THE　PHILOSOPHERS
  1。　　Origin　and　Propagation　of　Revolutionary　Ideas
  2。　　The　supposed　influence　of　the　Philosophers　of　the
  eighteenth　century　upon　the　Genesis　of　the　Revolution。
  Their　dislike　of　Democracy
  3。　　The　philosophical　ideas　of　the　Bourgeoisie　at　the　time　of
  the　Revolution
  CHAPTER　IV。　　PSYCHOLOGICAL　ILLUSIONS　RESPECTING　THE　FRENCH
  REVOLUTION
  1。　　Illusions　respecting　Primitive　Man；　the　return　to　the
  State　of　Nature；　and　the　Psychology　of　the　People
  2。　　Illusions　respecting　the　possibility　of　separating　Man
  from　his　Past　and　the　power　of　Transformation　attributed
  to　the　Law
  3。　　Illusions　respecting　the　Theoretical　Value　of　the　great
  Revolutionary　Principles
  BOOK　II
  THE　RATIONAL；　AFFECTIVE；　MYSTIC；　AND　COLLECTIVE　INFLUENCES　ACTIVE
  DURING　THE　REVOLUTION
  CHAPTER　I。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　THE　CONSTITUENT　ASSEMBLY
  1。　　Psychological　influences　active　during　the　French
  Revolution
  2。　　Dissolution　of　the　Ancien　Regime。　　The　assembling　of
  the　States　General
  3。　　The　constituent　Assembly
  CHAPTER　II。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　THE　LEGISLATIVE　ASSEMBLY
  1。　　Political　events　during　the　life　of　the　Legislative
  Assembly
  2。　　Mental　characteristics　of　the　Legislative　Assembly
  CHAPTER　III。　　THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　THE　CONVENTION
  1。　　The　Legend　of　the　Convention
  2。　　Results　of　the　triumph　of　the　Jacobin　Religion
  3。　　Mental　characteristics　of　the　Convention
  CHAPTER　IV。　　THE　GOVERNMENT　OF　THE　CONVENTION
  1。　　The　activity　of　the　Clubs　and　the　Commune　during　the
  Convention
  2。　　The　Government　of　France　during　the　Convention：　the
  Terror
  3。　　The　End　of　the　Convention。　　The　Beginnings　of　the
  Directory
  CHAPTER　V。　　INSTANCES　OF　REVOLUTIONARY　VIOLENCE
  1。　　Psychological　Causes　of　Revolutionary　Violence
  2。　　The　Revolutionary　Tribunals
  3。　　The　Terror　in　the　Provinces
  CHAPTER　VI。　　THE　ARMIES　OF　THE　REVOLUTION
  1。　　The　Revolutionary　Assemblies　and　the　Armies
  2。　　The　Struggle　of　Europe　against　the　Revolution
  3。　　Psychological　and　Military　Factors　which　determined　the
  success　of　the　Revolutionary　Armies
  CHAPTER　VII。　　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　THE　LEADERS　OF　THE　REVOLUTION
  1。　　Mentality　of　the　men　of　the　Revolution。　　The　respective
  influence　of　violent　and　feeble　characters
  2。　　Psychology　of　the　Commissaries　or　Representatives
  ‘‘on　Mission''
  3。　　Danton　and　Robespierre
  4。　　Fouquier…Tinville；　Marat；　Billaud…Varenne；　&c。
  5。　　The　destiny　of　those　Members　of　the　Convention　who
  survived　the　Revolution
  BOOK　III
  THE　CONFLICT　BETWEEN　ANCESTRAL　INFLUENCES　AND　REVOLUTIONARY
  PRINCIPLES
  CHAPTER　I。　　THE　LAST　CONVULSIONS　OF　ANARCHY。　　THE　DIRECTORY
  1。　　Psychology　of　the　Directory
  2。　　Despotic　Government　of　the　Directory。　　Recrudescence　of
  the　Terror
  3。　　The　Advent　of　Bonaparte
  4。　　Causes　of　the　Duration　of　the　Revolution
  CHAPTER　II。　　THE　RESTORATION　OF　ORDER。　　THE　CONSULAR　REPUBLIC
  1。　　How　the　work　of　the　Revolution　was　confirmed　by　the
  Consulate
  2。　　The　re…organisation　of　France　by　the　Consulate
  3。　　Psychological　elements　which　determined　the　success　of
  the　work　of　the　Consulate
  CHAPTER　III。　　POLITICAL　RESULTS　OF　THE　CONFLICT　BETWEEN
  TRADITIONS　AND　THE　REVOLUTIONARY　PRINCIPLES　DURING　THE
  LAST　CENTURY
  1。　　The　psychological　causes　of　the　continued　Revolutionary
  Movements　to　which　France　has　been　subject
  2。　　Summary　of　a　century's　Revolutionary　Movements　in　France
  PART　III
  THE　RECENT　EVOLUTION　OF　THE　REVOLUTIONARY　PRINCIPLES
  CHAPTER　I。　　THE　PROGRESS　OF　DEMOCRATIC　BELIEFS　SINCE　THE
  REVOLUTION
  1。　　Gradual　propagation　of　Democratic　Ideas　after　the
  Revolution
  2。　　The　unequal　influence　of　the　three　fundamental　principles
  of　the　Revolution
  3。　　The　Democracy　of　the　‘‘Intellectuals''　and　Popular
  Democracy
  4。　　Natural　Inequalities　and　Democratic　Equalisation
  CHAPTER　II。　　THE　RESULTS　OF　DEMOCRATIC　EVOLUTION
  1。　　The　influence　upon　social　evolution　of　theories　of　no
  rational　value
  2。　　The　Jacobin　Spirit　and　the　Mentality　created　by
  Democratic　Beliefs
  3。　　Universal　Suffrage　and　its　representatives
  4。　　The　craving　for　Reforms
  5。　　Social　distinctions　in　Democracies　and　Democratic　Ideas
  in　various　countries
  CHAPTER　III。　　THE　NEW　FORMS　OF　DEMOCRATIC　BELIEF
  1。　　The　conflict　between　Capital　and　Labour
  2。　　The　evolution　of　the　Working　Classes　and　the　Syndicalist
  Movement
  3。　　Why　certain　modern　Democratic　Governments　are　gradually
  being　transformed　into　Governments　by　Administrative
  Castes
  CONCLUSIONS
  THE　PSYCHOLOGY　OF　REVOLUTION
  INTRODUCTION
  THE　REVISION　OF　HISTORY
  The　present　age　is　not　merely　an　epoch　of　discovery；　it　is　also　a
  period　of　revision　of　the　various　elements　of　knowledge。　　Having
  recognised　that　there　are　no　phenomena　of　which　the　first　cause
  is　still　accessible；　science　has　resumed　the　examination　of　her
  ancient　certitudes；　and　has　proved　their　fragility。　　To…day　she
  sees　her　ancient　principles　vanishing　one　by　one。　　Mechanics　is
  losing　its　axioms；　and　matter；　formerly　the　eternal　substratum　of
  the　worlds；　becomes　a　simple　aggregate　of　ephemeral　forces　in
  transitory　condensation。
  Despite　its　conjectur