第 19 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  factories; and by the middle of the summer reports of similar efforts were
  coming from all over Russia。             Then Lenin became interested; seeing   in
  these   〃Saturdayings〃   not   only   a   special   effort   in   the   face   of   common
  danger; but an actual beginning of Communism and a sign that Socialism
  could bring about   a greater productivity  of labor than   could be obtained
  under   Capitalism。       He    wrote:   〃This   is   a  work   of  great   difficulty   and
  requiring much time; but it has begun; and that is the main thing。                    If in
  hungry Moscow in the summer of 1919 hungry workmen who have lived
  through the difficult four years of the Imperialistic war; and then the year
  and a half of the still more difficult civil war; have been able to begin this
  great work; what will not be its further development when we conquer in
  the civil war and win peace。〃          He sees in it a promise of work being done
  not for the sake of individual gain; but because of a recognition that such
  work   is   necessary   for   the   general   good;   and   in   all   he   wrote   and   spoke
  about it he emphasized the fact that people worked better and harder when
  working thus than under any of the conditions (piece…work; premiums for
  good   work;   etc。)   imposed   by   the   revolution   in   its   desperate   attempts   to
  raise the productivity of labor。         For this reason alone; he wrote; the first
  〃Saturdaying〃   on   the   Moscow…Kazan   railway   was   an   event   of   historical
  significance; and not for Russia alone。
  Whether   Lenin   was   right   or   wrong   in   so   thinking;   〃Saturdayings〃
  became a regular institution; like   Dorcas meetings in Victorian   England;
  like   the   thousands    of   collective   working     parties   instituted   in  England
  during the war with Germany。             It remains to be seen how long they will
  continue; and if they will survive peace when that comes。                At present
  the most interesting point about them is the large proportion of non…
  58
  … Page 59…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  Communists   who   take   an   enthusiastic   part   in   them。   In   many   cases   not
  more   than ten per   cent。  of   Communists   are   concerned;  though they  take
  the iniative in organizing the parties and in finding the work to be done。
  The   movement   spread   like   fire   in   dry   grass;   like   the   craze   for   roller…
  skating   swept   over   England   some   years   ago;   and   efforts   were   made   to
  control it; so that the fullest use might be made of it。 In Moscow it was
  found      worth    while    to  set   up   a   special   Bureau      for  〃Saturdayings。〃
  Hospitals; railways; factories; or any other concerns working for the public
  good; notify this bureau that they need the sort of work a 〃Saturdaying〃
  provides。      The bureau informs the local Communists where their services
  are required; and thus there is a minimum of wasted energy。                       The local
  Communists   arrange   the   〃Saturdayings;〃   and   any   one   else   joins   in   who
  wants。   These      〃Saturdayings〃      are   a  hardship    to   none   because    they   are
  voluntary;      except    for   members       of   the   Communist        Party;   who     are
  considered to have broken the party discipline if they refrain。                    But they
  can avoid the 〃Saturdayings〃 if they wish to by leaving the party。                   Indeed;
  Lenin points; out that the 〃Saturdayings〃 are likely to assist in clearing out
  of the party those elements which joined it with the hope of personal gain。
  He     points out that the privileges of a Communists now consist in doing
  more work than other people in the rear; and; on the front; in having the
  certainty of being killed when other folk are merely taken prisoners。
  The   following   are   a   few   examples   of   the   sort   of   work   done   in   the
  〃Saturdayings。〃        Briansk   hospitals      were    improperly   heated      because    of
  lack     of  the    local   transport    necessary      to  bring    them     wood。      The
  Communists organized a 〃Saturdaying;〃 in which 900 persons took part;
  including military specialists (officers of the old army serving in the new);
  soldiers; a chief of staff; workmen and women。                  Having no horses; they
  harnessed themselves to sledges in groups of ten; and brought in the wood
  required。      At     Nijni   800    persons     spent   their   Saturday     afternoon     in
  unloading barges。        In the Basman district of Moscow there was a gigantic
  〃Saturdaying〃   and   〃Sundaying〃   in   which   2;000   persons   (in   this   case   all
  but   a   little   over   500   being   Communists)   worked   in   the   heavy   artillery
  shops; shifting
  materials; cleaning tramlines for bringing in fuel; etc。 Then there was a
  59
  … Page 60…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  〃Saturdaying〃 the main object of which was a general autumn cleaning of
  the hospitals for the wounded。          One form of 〃Saturdaying〃 for women is
  going   to   the   hospitals;   talking   with   the   wounded   and   writing   letters   for
  them;     mending     their   clothes;   washing     sheets;   etc。   The    majority    of
  〃Saturdayings〃   at   present   are   concerned   with   transport   work   and   with
  getting   and   shifting   wood;   because   at   the   moment   these   are   the   chief
  difficulties。    I   have talked   to   many  〃Saturdayers;〃   Communist   and   non…
  Communist; and all alike spoke of these Saturday afternoons of as kind of
  picnic。     On     the   other   hand;    I  have    met    Communists         who    were
  accustomed to use every kind off ingenuity to find excuses not to take part
  in them and yet to preserve the good opinion of their local committee。
  But even if the whole of the Communist Party did actually indulge in
  a   working     picnic   once   a  week;   it   would   not  suffice   to  meet   Russia's
  tremendous needs。         And; as I pointed out in the chapter specially devoted
  to the shortage of labor; the most serious need at present is to keep skilled
  workers at their jobs instead of letting them drift away into non…productive
  labor。    No amount of Saturday picnics could do that; and it was obvious
  long ago that some other means; would have to be devised。
  INDUSTRIAL CONSCRIPTION
  The    general    principle   of  industrial   conscription     recognized    by   the
  Russian   Constitution;   section   ii;   chapter   v;   paragraph   18;   which   reads:
  〃The Russian Socialist Federate Soviet Republic recognizes that work is
  an obligation on every citizen of the Republic;〃 and proclaims; 〃He who
  does not work shall not eat。〃         It is; however; one thing to proclaim such a
  principle and quite another to put it into action。
  On December 17; 1919; the moment it became clear that there was a
  real possibility that the civil war was drawing to an end; Trotsky allowed
  the   Pravda     to  print  a  memorandum        of   his;  consisting   of   〃theses〃   or
  reasoned notes about industrial conscription and the militia system。                   He
  points out that a Socialist State demands a general plan for the utilization
  60
  … Page 61…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  of all the resources of a country; including its human energy。                At the same
  time;   〃in   the   present   economic   chaos   in   which   are   mingled   the   broken
  fragments of the past and the beginnings of the future;〃 a sudden jump to a
  complete   centralized   economy   of   the   country   as   a   whole   is   impossible。
  Local initiative; local effort must not be sacrificed for the sake of a plan。
  At    the   same    time    industrial   conscription      is  necessary    for   complete
  socialization。      It   cannot     be  regardless     of  individuality     like   military
  conscription。       He    suggests    a  subdivision     of   the  State   into   territorial
  productive districts which should coincide with the territorial districts of
  the militia system which shall replace the regular army。                  Registration of
  labor    necessary。     Necessary     also   to  coordinate     military   and    industrial
  registration。     At   demobilization   the   cadres   of   regiments;   divisions;   etc。;
  should form the fundamental cadres of the militia。               Instruction to this end
  should     be   included    in  the  courses    for  workers     and   peasants    who    are
  trai