第 18 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9312
  according      to  their  duties…political;    military;   instructional;    and   so  forth。
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  For the train has not   merely  an agitational   purpose。            It   carries   with it   a
  staff   to   give   advice   to   local   authorities;   to   explain   what   has   not   been
  understood; and so in every way to bring the ideas of the Centre quickly to
  the backwoods of the Republic。             It works also in the opposite direction;
  helping to make the voice of the backwoods heard at Moscow。                        This is
  illustrated   by  a   painted   pillar…box   on   one  of   the   wagons;   with   a   slot   for
  letters;   labelled;   〃For   Complaits   of   Every   Kind。〃      Anybody   anywhere
  who has grievance; thinks he is being unfairly treated; or has a suggestion
  to make; can speak with the Centre in this way。                When the train is on a
  voyage
  telegrams announce its arrival beforehand; so that the local Soviets can
  make full use of its advantages; arranging meetings; kinematograph shows;
  lectures。    It   arrives;   this   amazing   picture   train;   and   proceeds   to   publish
  and distribute its newspapers; sell its books (the bookshop; they tell me; is
  literally stormed at every stopping place); send books and posters for forty
  versts on either side of the line with the motor…cars which it carries with it;
  and enliven the population with its kinematograph。
  I doubt if a more effective instrument of propaganda has ever been
  devised。     And in considering the question whether or no the Russians will
  be    able  after   organizing    their   military   defence    to  tackle   with   similar
  comparative success the much more difficult problem of industrial rebirth;
  the existence of such instruments; the use of such propaganda is a factor
  not to be neglected。       In the spring of this year; when the civil war seemed
  to be ending; when there was a general belief that the Poles would accept
  the peace that Russia offered (they ignored this offer; advanced; took Kiev;
  were driven back to Warsaw; advanced again; and finally agreed to terms
  which they could have had in March without bloodshed any kind); two of
  these propaganda trains were already being repainted with a new purpose。
  It was hoped that in the near future all five trains would be explaining not
  the need to fight but the need to work。            Undoubtedly; at the first possible
  moment; the whole machinery of agitation; of posters; of broadsheets and
  of trains; will be turned over to the task of explaining the Government's
  plans   for   reconstruction;   and   the   need   for   extraordinary   concentration;
  now on transport; now on something else; that these plans involve。
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  SATURDAYINGS
  So much for the organization; with its Communist Party; its system of
  meetings and counter…meetings; its adapted Trades
  Unions;   its   infinitely   various   propaganda;   which   is   doing   its   best   to
  make headway against ruin。           I want now to describe however briefly; the
  methods it has adopted in tackling the worst of all Russia's problems…the
  non…productivity and absolute shortage of labor。
  I find a sort of analogy between these methods and those which we
  used in England in tackling the similar cumulative problem of finding men
  for war。     Just as we did not proceed at once to conscription; but began by
  a great propaganda of voluntary effort; so the Communists;                  faced with a
  need at least equally vital; did not turn at once to industrial conscription。
  It   was   understood   from   the   beginning   that   the   Communists   themselves
  were   to    set  an   example    of  hard   work;   and   I   dare  say   a  considerable
  proportion      of  them    did   so。   Every    factory   had   its  little  Communist
  Committee;   which   was   supposed   to   leaven   the   factory   with   enthusiasm;
  just as similar groups of Communists drafted into the armies in moments
  of extreme danger did; on more than one occasion; as the non…Communist
  Commander…in…Chief   admits;  turn   a   rout   into   a   stand   and   snatch   victory
  from what looked perilously like defeat。            But this was not enough; arrears
  of    work   accumulated;      enthusiasm     waned;     productivity    decreased;    and
  some      new    move    was    obviously    necessary。     This     first  move    in  the
  direction of industrial conscription; although no one perceived its tendency
  at   the   time;   was    the  inauguration     of   what   have    become     known     as
  〃Saturdayings〃。
  Early in 1919 the Central Committee of the Communist Party put out
  a circular letter; calling upon the Communists 〃to work revolutionally;〃 to
  emulate in the rear the heroism of their brothers on the front; pointing out
  that    nothing   but   the  most    determined     efforts   and   an  increase    in  the
  productivity of labor would enable Russia to win through her difficulties
  of   transport;    etc。  Kolchak;    to  quote   from    English   newspapers;      was   it
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  〃sweeping on to Moscow;〃 and the situation was pretty threatening。                    As a
  direct   result   of   this   letter;   on   May  7th;   a   meeting   of   Communists   in   the
  sub…district of the Moscow…Kazan railway passed a resolution that; in view
  of the imminent danger to the Republic;
  Communists and their sympathizers should give up an hour a day of
  their   leisure;   and;   lumping   these   hours   together;   do   every   Saturday   six
  hours of manual labor; and; further; that these Communist 〃Saturdayings〃
  should   be   continued   〃until   complete   victory   over   Kolchak         should   be
  assured。〃     That decision of a local committee was the actual beginning of
  a   movement       which    spread    all  over  Russia;    and   though    the   complete
  victory over Kolchak was long ago obtained; is likely to continue so long
  as Soviet Russia is threatened by any one else。
  The    decision    was   put   into   effect  on   May     10th;   when    the   first
  Communist   〃Saturdaying〃   in   Russia   took   place   on   the   Moscow…Kazan
  railway。     The    Commissar       of  the  railway;    Communist       clerks   from   the
  offices; and every one else who wished to help; marched to work; 182 in
  all;   and   put   in   1;012   hours   of   manual   labor;   in   which   they   finished   the
  repairs of four locomotives and sixteen wagons and loaded and unloaded
  9;300 poods of engine and wagon parts and material。 It was found that the
  productivity of labor in loading and unloading shown on this occasion was
  about 270 per cent。 of the normal; and a similar superiority of effort was
  shown in the other kinds of work。            This example was immediately copied
  on other railways。        The Alexandrovsk railway had its first 〃Saturdaying〃
  on May 17th。 Ninety…eight persons worked for five hours; and here also
  did two or three times as much is the usual amount of work done in the
  same number of working hours under ordinary circumstances。 One of the
  workmen; in giving an account of the performance; wrote: 〃The Comrades
  explain this by saying that in ordinary times the work was dull and they
  were   sick   of   it;   whereas   this   occasion   they   were   working   willingly   and
  with excitement。       But now it will be shameful in ordinary hours to do less
  than   in   the   Communist   'Saturdaying。'   〃      The   hope   implied   in   this   last
  sentence has not been realized。
  In Pravda of June 7th there is an article describing one of these early
  〃Saturdayings;〃 which gives a clear picture of the infectious character of
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  the proceedings; telling how people who came out of curiosity to look on
  found
  themselves joining in the work; and how a soldier with an accordion
  after staring for a long time open…mouthed at these lunatics working on a
  Saturday      afternoon    put   up   a  tune   for   them    on   his  instrument;     and;
  delighted by their delight; played on while the workers all sang together。
  The    idea  of   the  〃Saturdayings〃      spread    quickly    from   railways    to
  factories; and by the middle of the summer reports of similar efforts were
  coming from all over Russia。