第 7 节
作者:上网找工作      更新:2022-08-21 16:33      字数:9322
  it the most of this ingredient。  And I sincerely believe; with you;
  that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies;
  and that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity;
  under the name of funding; is but swindling futurity on a large
  scale。
  I salute you with constant friendship and respect。
  REFORM OF THE VIRGINIA CONSTITUTION
  _To Samuel Kercheval_
  _Monticello; July 12; 1816_
  SIR;  I duly received your favor of June the 13th; with the
  copy of the letters on the calling a convention; on which you are
  pleased to ask my opinion。  I have not been in the habit of
  mysterious reserve on any subject; nor of buttoning up my opinions
  within my own doublet。  On the contrary; while in public service
  especially; I thought the public entitled to frankness; and
  intimately to know whom they employed。  But I am now retired: I
  resign myself; as a passenger; with confidence to those at present at
  the helm; and ask but for rest; peace and good will。  The question
  you propose; on equal representation; has become a party one; in
  which I wish to take no public share。  Yet; if it be asked for your
  own satisfaction only; and not to be quoted before the public; I have
  no motive to withhold it; and the less from you; as it coincides with
  your own。  At the birth of our republic; I committed that opinion to
  the world; in the draught of a constitution annexed to the 〃Notes on
  Virginia;〃 in which a provision was inserted for a representation
  permanently equal。  The infancy of the subject at that moment; and
  our inexperience of self…government; occasioned gross departures in
  that draught from genuine republican canons。  In truth; the abuses of
  monarchy had so much filled all the space of political contemplation;
  that we imagined everything republican which was not monarchy。  We
  had not yet penetrated to the mother principle; that 〃governments are
  republican only in proportion as they embody the will of their
  people; and execute it。〃 Hence; our first constitutions had really no
  leading principles in them。  But experience and reflection have but
  more and more confirmed me in the particular importance of the equal
  representation then proposed。  On that point; then; I am entirely in
  sentiment with your letters; and only lament that a copy…right of
  your pamphlet prevents their appearance in the newspapers; where
  alone they would be generally read; and produce general effect。  The
  present vacancy too; of other matter; would give them place in every
  paper; and bring the question home to every man's conscience。
  But inequality of representation in both Houses of our
  legislature; is not the only republican heresy in this first essay of
  our revolutionary patriots at forming a constitution。  For let it be
  agreed that a government is republican in proportion as every member
  composing it has his equal voice in the direction of its concerns
  (not indeed in person; which would be impracticable beyond the limits
  of a city; or small township; but) by representatives chosen by
  himself; and responsible to him at short periods; and let us bring to
  the test of this canon every branch of our constitution。
  In the legislature; the House of Representatives is chosen by
  less than half the people; and not at all in proportion to those who
  do choose。  The Senate are still more disproportionate; and for long
  terms of irresponsibility。  In the Executive; the Governor is
  entirely independent of the choice of the people; and of their
  control; his Council equally so; and at best but a fifth wheel to a
  wagon。  In the Judiciary; the judges of the highest courts are
  dependent on none but themselves。  In England; where judges were
  named and removable at the will of an hereditary executive; from
  which branch most misrule was feared; and has flowed; it was a great
  point gained; by fixing them for life; to make them independent of
  that executive。  But in a government founded on the public will; this
  principle operates in an opposite direction; and against that will。
  There; too; they were still removable on a concurrence of the
  executive and legislative branches。  But we have made them
  independent of the nation itself。  They are irremovable; but by their
  own body; for any depravities of conduct; and even by their own body
  for the imbecilities of dotage。  The justices of the inferior courts
  are self…chosen; are for life; and perpetuate their own body in
  succession forever; so that a faction once possessing themselves of
  the bench of a county; can never be broken up; but hold their county
  in chains; forever indissoluble。  Yet these justices are the real
  executive as well as judiciary; in all our minor and most ordinary
  concerns。  They tax us at will; fill the office of sheriff; the most
  important of all the executive officers of the county; name nearly
  all our military leaders; which leaders; once named; are removable
  but by themselves。  The juries; our judges of all fact; and of law
  when they choose it; are not selected by the people; nor amenable to
  them。  They are chosen by an officer named by the court and
  executive。  Chosen; did I say?  Picked up by the sheriff from the
  loungings of the court yard; after everything respectable has retired
  from it。  Where then is our republicanism to be found?  Not in our
  constitution certainly; but merely in the spirit of our people。  That
  would oblige even a despot to govern us republicanly。  Owing to this
  spirit; and to nothing in the form of our constitution; all things
  have gone well。  But this fact; so triumphantly misquoted by the
  enemies of reformation; is not the fruit of our constitution; but has
  prevailed in spite of it。  Our functionaries have done well; because
  generally honest men。  If any were not so; they feared to show it。
  But it will be said; it is easier to find faults than to amend
  them。  I do not think their amendment so difficult as is pretended。
  Only lay down true principles; and adhere to them inflexibly。  Do not
  be frightened into their surrender by the alarms of the timid; or the
  croakings of wealth against the ascendency of the people。  If
  experience be called for; appeal to that of our fifteen or twenty
  governments for forty years; and show me where the people have done
  half the mischief in these forty years; that a single despot would
  have done in a single year; or show half the riots and rebellions;
  the crimes and the punishments; which have taken place in any single
  nation; under kingly government; during the same period。  The true
  foundation of republican government is the equal right of every
  citizen; in his person and property; and in their management。  Try by
  this; as a tally; every provision of our constitution; and see if it
  hangs directly on the will of the people。  Reduce your legislature to
  a convenient number for full; but orderly discussion。  Let every man
  who fights or pays; exercise his just and equal right in their
  election。  Submit them to approbation or rejection at short
  intervals。  Let the executive be chosen in the same way; and for the
  same term; by those whose agent he is to be; and leave no screen of a
  council behind which to skulk from responsibility。  It has been
  thought that the people are not competent electors of judges _learned
  in the law_。  But I do not know that this is true; and; if doubtful;
  we should follow principle。  In this; as in many other elections;
  they would be guided by reputation; which would not err oftener;
  perhaps; than the present mode of appointment。  In one State of the
  Union; at least; it has long been tried; and with the most
  satisfactory success。  The judges of Connecticut have been chosen by
  the people every six months; for nearly two centuries; and I believe
  there has hardly ever been an instance of change; so powerful is the
  curb of incessant responsibility。  If prejudice; however; derived
  from a monarchical institution; is still to prevail against the vital
  elective principle of our own; and if the existing example among
  ourselves of periodical election of judges by the people be still
  mistrusted; let us at least not adopt the evil; and reject the good;
  of the English precedent; let us retain amovability on the
  concurrence of the executive and legislative branches; and nomination
  by the executive alone。  Nomination to office is an executive
  function。  To give it to the legislature; as we do; is a violation of
  the principle of the separation of powers。  It swerves the members
  from correctness; by temptations to intrigue for office themselves;
  and to a corrupt barter of votes; and destroys responsibility by
  dividing it among a multitude。  By leaving nomination in its proper
  place; among executive functions; the principle of the distribution
  of power is preserved; and responsibility weighs with its heaviest
  force on a single head。
  The organ