第 62 节
作者:桃桃逃      更新:2022-08-21 16:33      字数:9316
  or receive another content than its own。 It is itself the absolute form; and so is all
  specific character; but as that character is in its truth。 Although it be abstract
  therefore; it is the concrete; concrete altogether; the subject as such。 The
  absolutely concrete is the mind (see end of § 159) … the notion when it exists as
  notion distinguishing itself from its objectivity; which notwithstanding the
  distinction still continues to be its own。 Everything else which is concrete;
  however rich it be; is not so intensely identical with itself and therefore not so
  concrete on its own part … least of all what is commonly supposed to be concrete;
  but is only a congeries held together by external influence。 What are called
  notions; and in fact specific notions; such as man; house; animal; etc。; are simply
  denotations and abstract representations。 These abstractions retain out of all the
  functions of the notion only that of universality; they leave particularity and
  individuality out of account and have no development in these directions。 By so
  doing they just miss the notion。
  § 165
  It is the element of Individuality which first explicitly differentiates the elements
  of the notion。 Individuality is the negative reflection of the notion into itself; and it
  is in that way at first the free differentiating of it as the first negation; by which
  the specific character of the notion is realised; but under the form of particularity。
  That is to say; the different elements are in the first place only qualified as the
  several elements of the notion; and; secondly; their identity is no less explicitly
  stated; the one being said to be the other。 This realised particularity of the notion
  is the Judgment。
  The ordinary classification of notions; as clear; distinct; and adequate; is no part
  of the notion; it belongs to psychology。 Notions; in fact; are here synonymous
  with mental representations; a clear notion is an abstract simple representation: a
  distinct notion is one where; in addition to the simplicity; there is one 'mark' or
  character emphasised as a sign for subjective cognition。 There is no more striking
  mark of the formalism and decay of Logic than the favourite category of the
  'mark'。 The adequate notion comes nearer the notion proper; or even the Idea:
  but after all it expresses only the formal circumstance that a notion or
  representation agrees with its object; that is; with an external thing。 The division
  into what are called subordinate and coordinate notions implies a mechanical
  distinction of universal from particular which allows only a mere correlation of
  them in external comparison。 Again; an enumeration of such kinds as contrary
  and contradictory; affirmative and negative notions; etc。; is only a chance…directed
  gleaning of logical forms which properly belong to the sphere of Being or Essence
  (where they have been already examined) and which have nothing to do with the
  specific notional character as such。 The true distinctions in the notion; universal;
  particular; and individual; may be said also to constitute species of it; but only
  when they are kept severed from each other by external reflection。 The immanent
  differentiating and specifying of the notion come to sight in the judgment: for to
  judge is to specify the notion。
  (b) The Judgment
  § 166
  The Judgment is the notion in its particularity; as a connection which is also a
  distinguishing of its functions; which are put as independent and yet as identical
  with themselves not with one another。
  One's first impression about the Judgment is the independence of the two
  extremes; the subject and the predicate。 The former we take to be a thing or term
  per se; and the predicate a general term outside the said subject and somewhere
  in our heads。 The next point is for us to bring the latter into combination with the
  former; and in this way frame a Judgment。 The copula 'is'; however; enunciates
  the predicate of the subject; and so that external subjective e subsumption is again
  put in abeyance; and the Judgment taken as a determination of the object itself。
  The etymological meaning of the Judgment ( Urtheil) in German goes deeper; as
  it were declaring the unity of the notion to be primary; and its distinction to be the
  original partition。 And that is what the Judgment really is。
  In its abstract terms a Judgment is expressible in the proposition: 'The individual is
  the universal。' These are the terms under which the subject and the predicate first
  confront each other; when the functions of the notion are taken in their immediate
  character or first abstraction。 (Propositions such as; 'The particular is the
  universal'; and 'The individual is the particular'; belong to the further
  specialisation of the judgment。) It shows a strange want of observation in the
  logic…books; that in none of them is the fact stated; that in every judgment there is
  still a statement made; as; the individual is the universal; or still more definitely;
  The subject is the predicate (e。g。 God is absolute spirit)。 No doubt there is also a
  distinction between terms like individual and universal; subject and predicate: but
  it is none the less the universal fact; that every judgment states them to be
  identical。
  The copula 'is' springs from the nature of the notion; to be self…identical even in
  parting with its own。 The individual and universal are its constituents; and
  therefore characters which cannot be isolated。 The earlier categories (of
  reflection) in their correlations also refer to one another: but their interconnection
  is only 'having' anal not 'being'; i。e。 it is not the identity which is realised as
  identity or universality。 In the judgment; therefore; for the first time there is seen
  the genuine particularity of the notion: for it is the speciality or distinguishing of
  the latter; without thereby losing universality。
  § 166n
  Judgments are generally looked upon as combinations of notions; and; be it added; of
  heterogeneous notions。 This theory of judgment is correct; so far as it implies that it is the notion
  which forms the presupposition of the judgment; and which in the judgment comes up under the
  form of difference。 But on the other hand; it is false to speak of notions differing in kind。 The
  notion; although concrete; is still as a notion essentially one; and the functions which it contains are
  not different kinds of it。 It is equally false to speak of a combination of the two sides in the
  judgment; if we understand the term 'combination' to imply the independent existence of the
  combining members apart from the combination。 The same external view of their nature is more
  forcibly apparent when judge moments are described as produced by the ascription of a predicate
  to the subject。
  Language like this looks upon the subject as self…subsistent outside; and the predicate as found
  somewhere in our head。 Such a conception of the relation between subject and predicate however
  is at once contradicted by the copula 'is'。 By saying 'This rose is red'; or 'This picture is beautiful';
  we declare; that it is not we who from outside attach beauty to the picture or redness to the rose;
  but that these are the characteristics proper to these objects。 An additional fault in the way in
  which Formal Logic conceives the judgment is; that it makes the judgment look as if it were
  something merely contingent; and does not offer any proof for the advance from notion on to
  judgment。 For the notion does not; as understanding supposes; stand still in its own immobility。 It
  is rather an infinite form; of boundless activity; as it were the punctum sapiens of all vitality; and
  thereby self…differentiating。
  This disruption of the notion into the difference of its constituent functions … a disruption imposed
  by the native act of the notion … is the judgment。 A judgment therefore means the particularising of
  the notion。 No doubt the notion is implicitly the particular。 But in the notion as notion the particular
  is not yet explicit; and still remains in transparent unity with the universal。
  Thus; for example; as we remarked before (§ 160n); the germ of a plant contains its particular;
  such as root; branches; leaves; etc。: but these details are at first present only potentially; and are
  not realised till the germ uncloses。 This unclosing is; as it were; the judgment of the plant。 The
  illustration may also serve to show how neither the notion nor the judgment are merely found in our
  head; or merely framed by us。 The notion is the very heart of things; and makes them what they
  are。 To form a notion of an object means therefore to become aware of its notion: and when we
  proceed to a criticism or judgment of the object; we are not performing a subjective act; and
  merely ascribing this or that predicate to the object。 We are; on the contrary; observing the object
  in the specific character imposed by its notion。
  § 167
  The Judgment is usually taken in a subjective sense as an operation and a form;
  occurring merely in self…con