第 21 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
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  were   a    Spirit;  a   Daemonic      Element;     an   universal   Reason;      a  Logos;    a
  Divine   Element;   closely   connected   with   man;   that   one   Reason;   that   one
  Divine   Element;   must   be   a   person   also?         At   least;   so   strong   was   the
  instinct of even the Heathen schools in this direction; that the followers of
  Plotinus   had   to    fill   up  the   void   which    yawned   between        man   and    the
  invisible things after which he yearned; by reviving the whole old Pagan
  Polytheism;   and   adding   to   it   a   Daemonology   borrowed   partly   from   the
  Chaldees; and partly from the Jewish rabbis; which formed a descending
  chain of persons; downward from the highest Deities to heroes; and to the
  guardian angel   of   each   man;   the   meed   of   the philosopher   being;   that   by
  self…culture   and   self…restraint   he   could   rise   above   the   tutelage   of   some
  lower   and   more   earthly   daemon;   and   become   the   pupil   of   a   God;   and
  finally a God himself。
  These contradictions need not lower the great Father of Neoplatonism
  in our eyes; as a moral being。            All accounts of him seem to prove him to
  have   been   what Apollo;  in   a   lengthy  oracle;  declared   him  to   have   been;
  〃good      and   gentle;   and    benignant     exceedingly;      and   pleasant    in  all  his
  conversation。〃        He gave good advice about earthly matters; was a faithful
  steward of moneys deposited with him; a guardian of widows and orphans;
  a righteous and loving man。             In his practical life; the ascetic and gnostic
  element comes out strongly enough。                 The body; with him; was not evil;
  neither was it good; it was simply nothingwhy care about it? He would
  have   no   portrait   taken of his   person:       〃It   was   humiliating   enough to   be
  obliged to carry a shadow about with him; without having a shadow made
  of that shadow。〃        He refused animal food; abstained from baths; declined
  medicine in his last illness; and so died about 200 A。D。
  It   is   in   his   followers;   as   one   generally   sees   in   such   cases;   that   the
  weakness of his conceptions comes out。                 Plotinus was an earnest thinker;
  slavishly enough reverencing the opinion of Plato; whom he quotes as an
  infallible   oracle;   with   a   〃He   says;〃   as   if   there   were   but   one   he   in   the
  universe:      but he tried honestly to develop Plato; or what he conceived to
  be Plato; on the method which Plato had laid down。                      His dialectic is far
  superior; both in quantity and in quality; to that of those who come after
  him。     He   is   a   seeker。  His   followers   are   not。      The   great   work   which
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  marks the second stage of his school is not an inquiry; but a justification;
  not   only  of   the  Egyptian;   but of   all possible   theurgies   and   superstitions;
  perhaps the best attempt of the kind which the world has ever seen; that
  which marks the third is a mere cloud…castle; an inverted pyramid; not of
  speculation;       but    of   dogmatic      assertion;     patched     together     from     all
  accessible   rags   and   bones   of   the dead   world。       Some   here   will;   perhaps;
  guess from my rough descriptions; that I speak of Iamblichus and Proclus。
  Whether or not Iamblichus wrote the famous work usually attributed
  to   him;   which   describes   itself   as   the   letter   of   Abamnon   the   Teacher   to
  Porphyry;   he   became   the   head   of   that   school   of   Neoplatonists   who   fell
  back on theurgy and magic; and utterly swallowed up the more rational;
  though more hopeless; school of Porphyry。                  Not that Porphyry; too; with
  all his dislike  of   magic  and   the  vulgar  superstitionsa dislike  intimately
  connected   with   his   loudly   expressed   dislike   of   the   common   herd;   and
  therefore   of   Christianity;   as   a   religion   for   the   common   herd   did   not
  believe      a   fact   or   two;    which     looks     to   us;   nowadays;       somewhat
  unphilosophical。        From him we learn that one Ammonius; trying to crush
  Plotinus   by   magic   arts;   had   his   weapons   so   completely   turned   against
  himself;     that  all  his   limbs   were    contracted。      From   him   we      learn   that
  Plotinus; having summoned in the temple of Isis his familiar spirit; a god;
  and not a mere daemon; appeared。               He writes sensibly enough however to
  one    Anebos;      an  Egyptian      priest;  stating   his   doubts    as  to   the  popular
  notions of the Gods; as beings subject to human passions and vices; and of
  theurgy  and   magic;   as   material   means   of   compelling   them   to   appear;   or
  alluring     them     to  favour     man。      The     answer     of   Abamnon;       Anebos;
  Iamblichus;       or  whoever      the  real   author   may     have   been;    is  worthy    of
  perusal by every metaphysical student; as a curious phase of thought; not
  confined to that time; but rife; under some shape or other; in every age of
  the    world's   history;    and   in  this  as   much    as   in  any。   There     are   many
  passages   full   of   eloquence;   many   more   full   of   true   and   noble   thought:
  but on the whole; it is the sewing of new cloth into an old garment; the
  attempt to suit the old superstition to the new one; by eclectically picking
  and   choosing;   and   special   pleading;   on   both   sides;   but   the   rent   is   only
  made   worse。        There   is   no   base   superstition   which   Abamnon   does   not
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  unconsciously   justify。       And     yet   he  is  rapidly   losing    sight  of   the  real
  eternal   human   germs   of   truth   round   which   those   superstitions   clustered;
  and   is   really   further   from   truth   and   reason   than   old   Homer   or   Hesiod;
  because further from the simple; universal; everyday facts; and relations;
  and duties of man; which are; after all; among the most mysterious; and
  also among the most sacred objects which man can contemplate。
  It was not wonderful;  however; that   Neoplatonism took the course   it
  did。 Spirit; they felt rightly; was meant to rule matter; it was to be freed
  from matter only for that very purpose。             No one could well deny that。 The
  philosopher;   as   he   rose   and   became;   according   to   Plotinus;   a   god;   or   at
  least approached toward the gods; must   partake of   some   mysterious   and
  transcendental power。          No one could well deny that conclusion; granting
  the premiss。      But of what power?           What had he to show as the result of
  his intimate communion with an unseen Being?                     The Christian Schools;
  who held that the spiritual is the moral; answered accordingly。                    He must
  show   righteousness;   and   love;   and   peace   in   a   Holy   Spirit。     That   is   the
  likeness   of   God。     In   proportion   as   a   man   has   them;   he   is   partaker   of   a
  Divine nature。       He can rise no higher; and he needs no more。                 Platonists
  had saidNo; that is only virtue; and virtue is the means; not the end。 We
  want proof of having something above that; something more than any man
  of   the   herd;   any   Christian   slave;   can   perform;   something   above   nature;
  portents   and   wonders。       So   they   set   to   work   to   perform   wonders;   and
  succeeded;   I   suppose;   more   or   less。     For   now   one   enters   into   a   whole
  fairyland of those very phenomena which are puzzling us so nowadays
  ecstasy; clairvoyance; insensibility to pain; cures produced by the effect of
  what we now call mesmerism。               They are all there; these modern puzzles;
  in those old books of the long bygone seekers for wisdom。                      It makes us
  love them; while it saddens us to see that their difficulties were the same
  as ours; and that there is nothing new under the sun。                  Of course; a great
  deal of it all was 〃imagination。〃          But the question then; as now is; what is
  this   wonder…working   imagination?unless   the   word   be   used   as   a   mere
  euphemism   for   lying;   which   really;   in   many   cases;   is   hardly   fair。     We
  cannot     wonder      at  the  old   Neoplatonists      for   attributing    these   st