第 8 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  alone were what was wanted; what could not Aristotle have discovered?
  Or is it that no man can see a thing unless God shows it him?                   Is it that in
  each separate act of induction; that mysterious and transcendental process
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  which cannot; let logicians try as   they will; be expressed by any  merely
  logical formula; Aristotelian or otheris it I say; that in each separate act
  of induction we do not find the law; but the law is shown to us; by Him
  who made the law? Bacon thought so。                 Of that you may find clear proof
  in   his   writings。   May   not   Bacon   be   right?   May   it   not   be   true   that   God
  does in science; as well as in ethics; hide things from the wise and prudent;
  from the proud; complete; self…contained systematiser like Aristotle; who
  must   needs   explain   all  things   in   heaven   and   earth by  his   own   formulae;
  and his entelechies and energies; and the rest of the notions which he has
  made for himself out of his own brain; and then pack each thing away in
  its proper niche in his great cloud…universe of conceptions?                 Is it that God
  hides things   from  such men   many  a time;  and   reveals them  to   babes;  to
  gentle; affectionate; simple…hearted men; such as we know Archimedes to
  have been; who do not try to give an explanation for a fact; but feel how
  awful   and   divine   it   is;   and   wrestle   reverently   and   stedfastly   with   it;   as
  Jacob with the Angel; and will not let it go; until it bless them?               Sure I am;
  from     what    I  have    seen   of   scientific   men;    that  there   is  an   intimate
  connection between the health of the moral faculties and the health of the
  inductive ones; and that the proud; self…conceited; and passionate man will
  see nothing:      perhaps because nothing will be shown him。
  But we must leave Archimedes for a man not perhaps so well known;
  but to whom we owe as much as to the great SyracusanHipparchus the
  astronomer。       To   his   case   much   which   I  have   just   said   applies。  In   him
  astronomic science seemed to awaken suddenly to a true inductive method;
  and after him to fall into its old slumber for 300 years。                In the meantime
  Timocharis;       Aristyllus;   and   Conon     had   each    added    their  mites   to   the
  discoveries of Eratosthenes:          but to Hipparchus we owe that theory of the
  heavens; commonly called the Ptolemaic system; which; starting from the
  assumption   that   the   earth   was   the   centre   of   the   universe;   attempted   to
  explain     the  motions     of  the   heavenly     bodies   by   a  complex     system     of
  supposed      eccentrics   and   epicycles。      This   has   of   course   now   vanished
  before   modern   discoveries。        But   its   value   as   a   scientific   attempt   lies   in
  this:   that the method being a correct one; correct results were obtained;
  though      starting   from     a  false   assumption;       and   Hipparchus       and    his
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  successors were enabled by it to calculate and predict the changes of the
  heavens;      in  spite   of  their   clumsy     instruments;     with   almost    as   much
  accuracy as we do now。
  For   the   purpose   of   working   out   this   theory   he   required   a   science   of
  trigonometry; plane and spherical:            and this he accordingly seems to have
  invented。      To him also we owe the discovery of that vast gradual change
  in the position of the fixed stars; in fact; of the whole celestial system; now
  known   by   the   name   of   the   precession   of   the   equinoxes;   the   first   great
  catalogue   of   fixed   stars;   to   the   number   of   1080;   attempts   to   ascertain
  whether the length of years and days were constant; with which; with his
  characteristic love of truth; he seems to   have been hardly  satisfied。                  He
  too invented the planisphere; or mode of representing the starry heavens
  upon a plane; and is the father of true geography; having formed the happy
  notion   of   mapping   out   the   earth;   as   well   as   the   heavens;   by   degrees   of
  latitude and longitude。
  Strange it is; and somewhat sad; that we should know nothing of this
  great   man;   should   be   hardly   able   to   distinguish   him   from   others   of   the
  same   name;   but   through   the   works   of   a   commentator;   who   wrote   and
  observed in Alexandria 300 years after; during the age of the Antonines。 I
  mean;     of  course;    the   famous    Ptolemy;     whose     name    so   long   bore   the
  honour of that system which really belonged to Hipparchus。
  This   single   fact   speaks   volumes   for   the   real   weakness   of   the   great
  artificial school of literature and science founded by the kings of Egypt。
  From the father of Astronomy; as Delambre calls him; to Ptolemy; the first
  man who seems really to have appreciated him; we have not a discovery;
  hardly   an   observation   or   a   name;   to   fill   the   gap。 Physical   sages   there
  were; but they were geometers and mathematicians; rather than astronomic
  observers   and   inquirers。       And   in   spite   of   all   the   huge   appliances   and
  advantages of that great Museum; its inhabitants were content; in physical
  science; as in all other branches of thought; to comment; to expound; to do
  everything but open their eyes and observe facts; and learn from them; as
  the predecessors whom they pretended to honour had done。                        But so it is
  always。      A genius; an original man appears。              He puts himself boldly in
  contact   with   facts;   asks   them   what   they   mean;   and   writes   down   their
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  answer   for   the   world's   use。     And   then   his   disciples   must   needs   form   a
  school;   and   a   system;   and   fancy   that   they   do   honour   to   their   master   by
  refusing to follow in his steps; by making his book a fixed dogmatic canon;
  attaching to it some magical infallibility; declaring the very lie which he
  disproved by his whole existence; that discovery is henceforth impossible;
  and the sum of knowledge complete:                  instead of going on to discover as
  he discovered before them; and in following his method; show that they
  honour him; not in the letter; but in spirit and in truth。
  For    this;   if  you   will   consider;    is  the   true   meaning      of  that   great
  command; 〃Honour thy father and mother; that thy days   may be long in
  the land。〃      On reverence for the authority of bygone generations depends
  the permanence of every form of thought or belief; as much as of all social;
  national; and family life:         but on reverence of the spirit; not merely of the
  letter;   of   the   methods   of   our   ancestors;   not   merely   of   their   conclusions。
  Ay;   and   we   shall   not   be   able   to   preserve   their   conclusions;   not   even   to
  understand them; they will die away on our lips into skeleton notions; and
  soulless phrases; unless we see that the greatness of the mighty dead has
  always   consisted   in   this;   that   they   were   seekers;   improvers;   inventors;
  endued   with   that   divine   power   and   right   of   discovery   which   has   been
  bestowed   on   us;   even   as   on   them;   unless   we   become   such   men   as   they
  were; and go on to cultivate and develop the precious heritage which they
  have   bequeathed   to   us;   instead   of   hiding   their   talent   in     a   napkin    and
  burying   it   in   the   earth;   making   their   greatness   an   excuse   for   our   own
  littleness;   their   industry   for   our   laziness;   their   faith   for   our   despair;   and
  prating about the old paths; while we forget that paths were made that men
  might walk in them; and not stand still; and try in vain to stop the way。
  It may be said; certainly; as an excuse for these Alexandrian Greeks;
  that they were a people in a state of old age and decay; and that they only
  exhibited      the   common       and    natural    faults   of  old   age。     For    as   with
  individuals; so with races; nations; societies; schools of thought youth is
  the time of free fancy and poetry; manhood of calm and strong induction;
  old age of deduction; when men settle down upon their lees; and content
  themselves with reaffirming and verifying the conclusions of their earlier
  years; and too o