第 30 节
作者:天净沙      更新:2022-05-01 22:41      字数:9322
  book; I wrote a note to him; expressing my desire of perusing that book;
  and requesting he would do me the favour of lending it to me for a few
  days。 He sent it immediately; and I return'd it in about a week with another
  note; expressing strongly my sense of the favour。 When we next met in the
  House; he spoke to me (which he had never done before); and with great
  civility;   and   he   ever   after  manifested     a  readiness    to  serve   me    on  all
  occasions; so that we became great friends; and our friendship continued
  to his death。 This is another instance of the truth of an old maxim I had
  learned; which says; 〃He that has once done you a kindness will be more
  ready to do you another; than he whom you yourself have obliged。〃 And it
  94
  … Page 95…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  shows how much more profitable it is prudently to remove; than to resent;
  return; and continue inimical proceedings。
  In   1737;    Colonel     Spotswood;       late  governor      of  Virginia;    and   then
  postmaster…general;   being   dissatisfied   with   the   conduct   of   his   deputy   at
  Philadelphia; respecting some negligence in rendering; and inexactitude of
  his   accounts;     took   from    him    the   commission       and   offered    it  to  me。   I
  accepted it readily; and found it of great advantage; for; tho' the salary was
  small;     it  facilitated   the   correspondence        that  improv'd      my    newspaper;
  increas'd     the   number     demanded;       as  well    as  the   advertisements       to  be
  inserted;   so   that   it   came   to   afford   me   a   considerable   income。   My   old
  competitor's       newspaper       declin'd    proportionably;       and    I  was    satisfy'd
  without     retaliating    his   refusal;   while   postmaster;      to  permit    my   papers
  being carried by the riders。 Thus he suffer'd greatly from his neglect in due
  accounting; and I mention it as a lesson to those young men who may be
  employ'd   in   managing   affairs   for   others;   that   they   should   always   render
  accounts; and make remittances; with great clearness and punctuality。 The
  character      of  observing      such    a  conduct     is  the   most     powerful     of   all
  recommendations to new employments and increase of business。
  I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs; beginning;
  however;   with   small   matters。 The   city   watch   was   one   of   the   first   things
  that I conceiv'd to want regulation。 It was managed by the constables of
  the    respective      wards     in  turn;    the   constable     warned      a   number      of
  housekeepers to attend him for the night。 Those who chose never to attend
  paid him six shillings a year to be excus'd; which was suppos'd to be for
  hiring substitutes; but was; in reality; much more than was necessary for
  that    purpose;    and    made    the   constableship      a   place   of   profit;  and    the
  constable;   for   a   little   drink;   often   got   such   ragamuffins   about   him   as   a
  watch; that respectable housekeepers did not choose to mix with。 Walking
  the   rounds;   too;   was   often   neglected;   and   most   of   the   nights   spent   in
  tippling。 I thereupon wrote a paper; to be read in Junto; representing these
  irregularities; but insisting more particularly on the inequality of this six…
  shilling tax of the constables; respecting the circumstances of those who
  paid it; since a poor widow housekeeper; all whose property to be guarded
  by   the   watch   did   not   perhaps   exceed   the   value   of   fifty   pounds;   paid   as
  95
  … Page 96…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  much as the wealthiest merchant; who had thousands of pounds worth of
  goods in his stores。
  On   the   whole;   I   proposed   as   a   more   effectual   watch;   the   hiring   of
  proper men to serve constantly in that business; and as a more equitable
  way of supporting the charge the levying a tax that should be proportion'd
  to the property。 This idea; being approv'd by the Junto; was communicated
  to the other clubs; but as arising in each of them; and though the plan was
  not   immediately   carried   into   execution;   yet;   by   preparing   the   minds   of
  people for the change; it paved the way for the law obtained a few years
  after; when the members of our clubs were grown into more influence。
  About this time I wrote a paper (first to be read in Junto; but it was
  afterward      publish'd)    on   the   different   accidents     and   carelessnesses      by
  which   houses   were   set   on   fire;   with   cautions   against   them;   and   means
  proposed of avoiding them。 This was   much spoken of as a useful   piece;
  and gave rise to a project; which soon followed it; of forming a company
  for    the  more     ready   extinguishing      of   fires;  and   mutual     assistance    in
  removing       and   securing    the   goods    when    in  danger。    Associates     in  this
  scheme       were    presently    found;     amounting      to   thirty。  Our    articles   of
  agreement oblig'd every member to keep always in good order; and fit for
  use; a certain number of leather buckets; with strong bags and baskets (for
  packing and transporting of goods); which were to be brought to every fire;
  and we agreed to meet once a month and spend a social evening together;
  in discoursing and communicating such ideas as occurred to us upon the
  subject of fires; as might be useful in our conduct on such occasions。
  The utility of this institution soon appeared; and many more desiring
  to   be   admitted   than   we   thought   convenient   for   one   company;   they   were
  advised to form another; which was accordingly done; and this went on;
  one     new    company      being    formed     after   another;    till  they  became      so
  numerous as to include most of the inhabitants who were men of property;
  and now; at the time of my writing this; tho' upward of fifty years since its
  establishment; that which I first formed; called the Union Fire Company;
  still   subsists   and   flourishes;   tho'   the   first   members   are   all   deceas'd   but
  myself   and   one;   who   is   older   by  a   year   than   I   am。   The   small   fines   that
  have   been   paid   by   members   for   absence   at   the   monthly   meetings   have
  96
  … Page 97…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  been apply'd to the purchase of fire…engines; ladders; fire…hooks; and other
  useful implements for each company; so that I question whether there is a
  city   in   the   world   better   provided   with   the   means   of   putting   a   stop   to
  beginning conflagrations; and; in fact; since these institutions; the city has
  never lost by fire more than one or two houses at a time; and the flames
  have   often   been   extinguished   before   the   house   in   which   they  began   has
  been half consumed。
  In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr。 Whitefield;
  who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher。 He was
  at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy; taking
  a   dislike   to   him;   soon   refus'd   him   their   pulpits;   and   he   was   oblig'd   to
  preach   in   the   fields。   The   multitudes   of   all   sects   and   denominations   that
  attended his sermons were enormous; and it was matter of speculation to
  me; who was one of the number; to observe the extraordinary influence of
  his oratory on his hearers; and bow much they admir'd and respected him;
  notwithstanding   his   common   abuse   of   them;   by   assuring   them   that   they
  were   naturally   half   beasts   and   half   devils。   It   was   wonderful   to   see   the
  change      soon    made    in   the  manners      of  our    inhabitants。    From    being
  thoughtless or indifferent about religion; it seem'd as if all the world were
  growing religious; so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening
  without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street。
  And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air; subject to
  its inclemencies; the building of a house to meet in was no sooner propos'd;
  and persons appointed to receive contributions; but sufficient sums were
  soon receiv'd to procure the ground and erect the building; which was one
  hundred feet long and seventy broad; about the size of Westminster Hall;
  and the work was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much
  shorter time than could have been expected。 Both house and ground were
  vested in trustees; expressly for the us