第 28 节
作者:天净沙      更新:2022-05-01 22:41      字数:9322
  considerable       profit   from    it;  vending    annually     near   ten   thousand。     And
  observing       that  it  was   generally     read;   scarce    any   neighborhood        in  the
  province being without it; I consider'd it as a proper vehicle for conveying
  instruction   among   the   common   people;   who   bought   scarcely   any   other
  books;   I   therefore   filled   all   the   little   spaces   that   occurr'd   between   the
  remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences; chiefly such as
  inculcated   industry  and   frugality;   as   the  means   of procuring   wealth;   and
  thereby securing virtue; it being more difficult for a man in want; to act
  always   honestly;   as;   to   use   here   one   of   those   proverbs;   it   is   hard   for   an
  empty sack to stand up…right。
  These      proverbs;     which    contained      the   wisdom      of  many     ages    and
  nations; I assembled and form'd into a connected discourse prefix'd to the
  Almanack   of   1757;   as   the   harangue   of   a   wise   old   man   to   the   people
  attending an auction。 The bringing all these scatter'd counsels thus into a
  focus     enabled      them    to   make     greater    impression。       The    piece;    being
  universally approved; was copied in all the newspapers of the Continent;
  reprinted     in   Britain   on   a   broad    side;  to   be   stuck   up   in  houses;     two
  88
  … Page 89…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  translations were made of it in French; and great numbers bought by the
  clergy  and   gentry;  to   distribute gratis   among their   poor parishioners   and
  tenants。   In   Pennsylvania;      as   it  discouraged    useless   expense     in  foreign
  superfluities; some thought it had its share of influence in producing that
  growing plenty of money which was observable for several years after its
  publication。
  I considered my newspaper; also; as another means of communicating
  instruction;   and   in   that   view   frequently   reprinted   in   it   extracts   from   the
  Spectator; and other moral writers; and sometimes publish'd little pieces of
  my own; which had been first compos'd for reading in our Junto。 Of these
  are a Socratic dialogue; tending to prove that; whatever might be his parts
  and abilities; a vicious man could not properly be called a man of sense;
  and a discourse on self…denial; showing that virtue was not secure till its
  practice became a habitude; and was free from the opposition of contrary
  inclinations。   These   may   be   found   in   the   papers   about   the   beginning   Of
  1735。
  In the conduct of my newspaper; I carefully excluded all libelling and
  personal     abuse;    which    is  of  late  years   become      so  disgraceful     to  our
  country。 Whenever I was solicited to insert anything of that kind; and the
  writers pleaded; as they generally did; the liberty of the press; and that a
  newspaper was like a stagecoach; in which any one who would pay had a
  right to a place; my answer was; that I would print the piece separately if
  desired;    and   the   author   might    have    as  many    copies    as  he   pleased   to
  distribute     himself;   but   that  I  would    not   take   upon    me   to  spread    his
  detraction;   and   that;   having   contracted   with   my   subscribers   to   furnish
  them with what might be either useful or entertaining; I could not fill their
  papers   with   private   altercation;   in   which   they   had   no   concern;   without
  doing them manifest injustice。 Now; many of our printers make no scruple
  of gratifying the malice of individuals by false accusations of the fairest
  characters among ourselves; augmenting animosity even to the producing
  of duels; and are; moreover; so indiscreet as to print scurrilous reflections
  on the government of neighboring states; and even on the conduct of our
  best    national   allies;  which    may    be   attended    with   the  most    pernicious
  consequences。 These things I mention as a caution to young printers; and
  89
  … Page 90…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  that they may be encouraged not to pollute their presses and disgrace their
  profession by such infamous practices; but refuse steadily; as they may see
  by my example that such a course of conduct will not; on the whole; be
  injurious to their interests。
  In 1733 I sent one of my journeymen to Charleston; South Carolina;
  where a printer was wanting。 I furnish'd him with a press and letters; on an
  agreement   of   partnership;   by   which   I   was   to     receive   one…third   of    the
  profits of the business; paying one…third of the expense。 He was a man of
  learning;     and   honest   but   ignorant    in  matters   of   account;    and;   tho'  he
  sometimes made me remittances; I could get no account from him; nor any
  satisfactory   state   of   our   partnership   while   he   lived。   On   his   decease;   the
  business     was    continued    by   his  widow;     who;    being   born    and   bred   in
  Holland;     where;    as   I  have   been   inform'd;    the  knowledge       of  accounts
  makes a part of female education; she not only sent me as clear a state as
  she could find of the transactions past; but continued to account with the
  greatest   regularity   and   exactness   every   quarter   afterwards;   and   managed
  the business with such success; that she not only brought up reputably a
  family of children; but; at the expiration of the term; was able to purchase
  of me the printing…house; and establish her son in it。
  I mention this affair chiefly for the sake of recommending that branch
  of education for our young females; as likely to be of more use to them
  and their children; in case of widowhood; than either music or dancing; by
  preserving   them   from   losses   by   imposition   of   crafty   men;   and   enabling
  them to continue; perhaps; a profitable mercantile house; with establish'd
  correspondence; till a son is grown up fit to undertake and go on with it; to
  the lasting advantage and enriching of the family。
  About   the   year   1734   there   arrived   among   us   from   Ireland   a   young
  Presbyterian preacher; named Hemphill; who delivered with a good voice;
  and apparently extempore; most excellent discourses; which drew together
  considerable numbers of different persuasion; who join'd in admiring them。
  Among       the   rest;  I  became    one    of  his  constant    hearers;    his  sermons
  pleasing   me;   as   they   had   little   of   the   dogmatical   kind;   but   inculcated
  strongly the practice of virtue; or what in the religious stile are called good
  works。 Those; however; of our congregation; who considered themselves
  90
  … Page 91…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  as   orthodox   Presbyterians;   disapprov'd   his   doctrine;   and   were   join'd   by
  most of the old clergy; who arraign'd him of heterodoxy before the synod;
  in    order    to  have    him     silenc'd。   I  became      his   zealous     partisan;    and
  contributed all I could to raise a party in his favour; and we combated for
  him a while with some hopes of success。 There was much scribbling pro
  and con upon the occasion; and finding that; tho' an elegant preacher; he
  was but a poor writer; I lent him my pen and wrote for him two or three
  pamphlets; and one piece in the Gazette of April; 1735。 Those pamphlets;
  as is generally the case with controversial writings; tho' eagerly read at the
  time;   were   soon   out   of   vogue;   and   I   question   whether   a   single   copy   of
  them now exists。
  During the contest an unlucky occurrence hurt his cause exceedingly。
  One of our adversaries having heard him preach a sermon that was much
  admired; thought he had somewhere read the sermon before; or at least a
  part   of   it。   On   search   he   found   that   part   quoted   at   length;   in   one   of   the
  British   Reviews;   from   a   discourse   of   Dr。   Foster's。   This   detection   gave
  many   of   our   party   disgust;   who   accordingly   abandoned   his   cause;   and
  occasion'd   our   more   speedy   discomfiture   in   the   synod。   I   stuck   by   him;
  however;   as   I   rather   approv'd   his   giving   us   good   sermons   compos'd   by
  others;   than   bad   ones   of   his   own   manufacture;   tho'   the   latter   was   the
  practice of our common teachers。 He afterward acknowledg'd to me that
  none of those he preach'd were his own; adding; that his memory was such
  as enabled him to retain and repeat any sermon after one reading only。 On
  our defeat; he left u