第 8 节
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上访不如上网 更新:2022-05-01 22:41 字数:9322
nor could they ever believe that human society could have been maintained
with so little artifice and human patchwork。 I should tell Plato that it
is a nation wherein there is no manner of traffic; no knowledge of
letters; no science of numbers; no name of magistrate or political
superiority; no use of service; riches or poverty; no contracts; no
successions; no dividends; no properties; no employments; but those of
leisure; no respect of kindred; but common; no clothing; no agriculture;
no metal; no use of corn or wine; the very words that signify lying;
treachery; dissimulation; avarice; envy; detraction; pardon; never heard
of。
'This is the famous passage which Shakespeare; through Florio's
version; 1603; or ed。 1613; p。 102; has employed in the 〃Tempest;〃
ii。 1。'
How much would he find his imaginary Republic short of his perfection?
〃Viri a diis recentes。〃
'〃Men fresh from the gods。〃Seneca; Ep。; 90。'
〃Hos natura modos primum dedit。〃
'〃These were the manners first taught by nature。〃
Virgil; Georgics; ii。 20。'
As to the rest; they live in a country very pleasant and temperate; so
that; as my witnesses inform me; 'tis rare to hear of a sick person; and
they moreover assure me; that they never saw any of the natives; either
paralytic; bleareyed; toothless; or crooked with age。 The situation of
their country is along the sea…shore; enclosed on the other side towards
the land; with great and high mountains; having about a hundred leagues
in breadth between。 They have great store of fish and flesh; that have
no resemblance to those of ours: which they eat without any other
cookery; than plain boiling; roasting; and broiling。 The first that rode
a horse thither; though in several other voyages he had contracted an
acquaintance and familiarity with them; put them into so terrible a
fright; with his centaur appearance; that they killed him with their
arrows before they could come to discover who he was。 Their buildings
are very long; and of capacity to hold two or three hundred people; made
of the barks of tall trees; reared with one end upon the ground; and
leaning to and supporting one another at the top; like some of our barns;
of which the covering hangs down to the very ground; and serves for the
side walls。 They have wood so hard; that they cut with it; and make their
swords of it; and their grills of it to broil their meat。 Their beds are
of cotton; hung swinging from the roof; like our seamen's hammocks; every
man his own; for the wives lie apart from their husbands。 They rise with
the sun; and so soon as they are up; eat for all day; for they have no
more meals but that; they do not then drink; as Suidas reports of some
other people of the East that never drank at their meals; but drink very
often all day after; and sometimes to a rousing pitch。 Their drink is
made of a certain root; and is of the colour of our claret; and they
never drink it but lukewarm。 It will not keep above two or three days;
it has a somewhat sharp; brisk taste; is nothing heady; but very
comfortable to the stomach; laxative to strangers; but a very pleasant
beverage to such as are accustomed to it。 They make use; instead of
bread; of a certain white compound; like coriander seeds; I have tasted
of it; the taste is sweet and a little flat。 The whole day is spent in
dancing。 Their young men go a…hunting after wild beasts with bows and
arrows; one part of their women are employed in preparing their drink the
while; which is their chief employment。 One of their old men; in the
morning before they fall to eating; preaches to the whole family; walking
from the one end of the house to the other; and several times repeating
the same sentence; till he has finished the round; for their houses are
at least a hundred yards long。 Valour towards their enemies and love
towards their wives; are the two heads of his discourse; never failing in
the close; to put them in mind; that 'tis their wives who provide them
their drink warm and well seasoned。 The fashion of their beds; ropes;
swords; and of the wooden bracelets they tie about their wrists; when
they go to fight; and of the great canes; bored hollow at one end; by the
sound of which they keep the cadence of their dances; are to be seen in
several places; and amongst others; at my house。 They shave all over;
and much more neatly than we; without other razor than one of wood or
stone。 They believe in the immortality of the soul; and that those who
have merited well of the gods are lodged in that part of heaven where the
sun rises; and the accursed in the west。
They have I know not what kind of priests and prophets; who very rarely
present themselves to the people; having their abode in the mountains。
At their arrival; there is a great feast; and solemn assembly of many
villages: each house; as I have described; makes a village; and they are
about a French league distant from one another。 This prophet declaims to
them in public; exhorting them to virtue and their duty: but all their
ethics are comprised in these two articles; resolution in war; and
affection to their wives。 He also prophesies to them events to come; and
the issues they are to expect from their enterprises; and prompts them to
or diverts them from war: but let him look to't; for if he fail in his
divination; and anything happen otherwise than he has foretold; he is cut
into a thousand pieces; if he be caught; and condemned for a false
prophet: for that reason; if any of them has been mistaken; he is no more
heard of。
Divination is a gift of God; and therefore to abuse it; ought to be a
punishable imposture。 Amongst the Scythians; where their diviners failed
in the promised effect; they were laid; bound hand and foot; upon carts
loaded with firs and bavins; and drawn by oxen; on which they were burned
to death。'Herodotus; iv。 69。' Such as only meddle with things
subject to the conduct of human capacity; are excusable in doing the best
they can: but those other fellows that come to delude us with assurances
of an extraordinary faculty; beyond our understanding; ought they not to
be punished; when they do not make good the effect of their promise; and
for the temerity of their imposture?
They have continual war with the nations that live further within the
mainland; beyond their mountains; to which they go naked; and without
other arms than their bows and wooden swords; fashioned at one end like
the head of our javelins。 The obstinacy of their battles is wonderful;
and they never end without great effusion of blood: for as to running
away; they know not what it is。 Every one for a trophy brings home the
head of an enemy he has killed; which he fixes over the door of his
house。 After having a long time treated their prisoners very well; and
given them all the regales they can think of; he to whom the prisoner
belongs; invites a great assembly of his friends。 They being come; he
ties a rope to one of the arms of the prisoner; of which; at a distance;
out of his reach; he holds the one end himself; and gives to the friend
he loves best the other arm to hold after the same manner; which being。
done; they two; in the presence of all the assembly; despatch him with
their swords。 After that; they roast him; eat him amongst them; and send
some chops to their absent friends。 They do not do this; as some think;
for nourishment; as the Scythians anciently did; but as a representation
of an extreme revenge; as will appear by this: that having observed the
Portuguese; who were in league with their enemies; to inflict another
sort of death upon any of them they took prisoners; which was to set them
up to the girdle in the earth; to shoot at the remaining part till it was
stuck full of arrows; and then to hang them; they thought those people of
the other world (as being men who had sown the knowledge of a great many
vices amongst their neighbours; and who were much greater masters in all
sorts of mischief than they) did not exercise this sort of revenge
without a meaning; and that it must needs be more painful than theirs;
they began to leave their old way; and to follow this。 I am not sorry
that we should here take notice of the barbarous horror of so cruel an
action; but that; seeing so clearly into their faults; we should be so
blind to our own。 I conceive there is more barbarity in eating a man
alive; than when he is dead; in tearing a body limb from limb by racks
and torments; that is yet in perfect sense; in roasting it by degrees; in
causing it to be bitten and worried by dogs and swine (as we have not
only read; but lately seen; not amongst inveterate and mortal enemies;
but among neighbours and fellow…citizens; and; which is worse; under
colour of piety and religion); than to roast and eat him after he is
dead。
Chrysippus and Zeno; the two heads of the Stoic sect; were of opinion
that there was no hurt in making use of our dead carcasses; in what way
soever for our necessity; and in feeding upon them too;'Diogenes
Laertius; vii。 188。' as our own ancestors; who being besieged by
Caesar in the city Alexia; res