develop　the　remainder　in　connexion　with　it。　This　is　in　fact　what　has
  happened　in　regard　to　rhetorical　speeches　and　to　practically　all　the
  other　arts：　for　those　who　discovered　the　beginnings　of　them　advanced
  them　in　all　only　a　little　way；　whereas　the　celebrities　of　to…day　are
  the　heirs　（so　to　speak）　of　a　long　succession　of　men　who　have
  advanced　them　bit　by　bit；　and　so　have　developed　them　to　their
  present　form；　Tisias　coming　next　after　the　first　founders；　then
  Thrasymachus　after　Tisias；　and　Theodorus　next　to　him；　while　several
  people　have　made　their　several　contributions　to　it：　and　therefore　it
  is　not　to　be　wondered　at　that　the　art　has　attained　considerable
  dimensions。　Of　this　inquiry；　on　the　other　hand；　it　was　not　the　case
  that　part　of　the　work　had　been　thoroughly　done　before；　while　part
  had　not。　Nothing　existed　at　all。　For　the　training　given　by　the　paid
  professors　of　contentious　arguments　was　like　the　treatment　of　the
  matter　by　Gorgias。　For　they　used　to　hand　out　speeches　to　be　learned　by
  heart；　some　rhetorical；　others　in　the　form　of　question　and　answer；
  each　side　supposing　that　their　arguments　on　either　side　generally　fall
  among　them。　And　therefore　the　teaching　they　gave　their　pupils　was
  ready　but　rough。　For　they　used　to　suppose　that　they　trained　people
  by　imparting　to　them　not　the　art　but　its　products；　as　though　any　one
  professing　that　he　would　impart　a　form　of　knowledge　to　obviate　any
  pain　in　the　feet；　were　then　not　to　teach　a　man　the　art　of
  shoe…making　or　the　sources　whence　he　can　acquire　anything　of　the　kind；
  but　were　to　present　him　with　several　kinds　of　shoes　of　all　sorts：
  for　he　has　helped　him　to　meet　his　need；　but　has　not　imparted　an　art　to
  him。　Moreover；　on　the　subject　of　Rhetoric　there　exists　much　that　has
  been　said　long　ago；　whereas　on　the　subject　of　reasoning　we　had　nothing
  else　of　an　earlier　date　to　speak　of　at　all；　but　were　kept　at　work
  for　a　long　time　in　experimental　researches。　If；　then；　it　seems　to
  you　after　inspection　that；　such　being　the　situation　as　it　existed　at
  the　start；　our　investigation　is　in　a　satisfactory　condition　compared
  with　the　other　inquiries　that　have　been　developed　by　tradition；
  there　must　remain　for　all　of　you；　or　for　our　students；　the　task　of
  extending　us　your　pardon　for　the　shortcomings　of　the　inquiry；　and
  for　the　discoveries　thereof　your　warm　thanks。
  …THE　END…
  。