necessity；　therefore　his　first　effort　in　his　struggle　with　the　elements
  should　reduce　this　power　to　vassalage。　There　must　be　no　question　of
  supremacy；　water　must　serve　mankind。
  Many　years　ago　I　published；　in　the　Nile　Tributaries　of　Abyssinia；　my
  ideas　for　the　control　of　the　Nile　and　the　submersion　of　the　cataracts　by
  a　series　of　weirs；　with　water…gates　for　the　facility　of　navigation；
  which　with　certain　modifications　will　some　day　assuredly　be　carried　out；
  and　will　render　Egypt　the　most　favoured　country　of　the　world；　as
  absolute　mistress　of　the　river　which　is　now　at　the　same　time　a　tyrant
  and　a　slave。　The　Pedias　of　Cyprus　may　during　some　terrific　rainfall
  assume　proportions　that　would　convey　a　most　erroneous　impression　to　the
  mind　of　a　stranger；　who；　upon　regarding　the　boiling　torrent
  overspreading　a　valley　of　some　miles　in　width　in　its　impetuous　course
  towards　ancient　Salamis；　might　conclude　that　it　was　a　river　of　the　first
  importance。　The　fact　is　that　no　RIVER　exists　in　Cyprus：　what　should　be
  rivers　are　mere　channels；　watercourses；　brooks；　torrents；　or　any　of　the
  multifarious　names　for　stream…beds　that　may　be　discovered　in　an　English
  dictionary。　At　the　same　time　that　the　natural　channels　are　dry　during
  the　summer　months；　through　the　want　of　power　in　the　water…head　to
  overcome　the　absorption　of　the　porous　soil　throughout　its　course；　it
  must　not　be　forgotten　that　a　certain　supply　exists　at　the　fountain　head；
  within　practicable　distance；　which　might　be　stored　and　led　from　the
  mountains　to　the　lower　lands　for　the　purposes　of　irrigation。　When　we
  reflect　that　in　the　proverbially　wet　climate　of　England　there　is　a
  considerable　difficulty　in　assuring　a　supply　of　wholesome　water；　and
  that　the　various　water　companies　have　made　enormous　profits；　it　is　not
  surprising　that　in　a　neglected　island　like　Cyprus　there　should　be
  distress　in　the　absence　of　abundant　rain。　The　uninitiated　in　England
  seldom　appreciate　the　labour　and　expenditure　that　has　supplied　the
  response　to　the　simple　turning　of　a　tap　within　an　ordinary　house。　If
  they　would　follow　the　artificial　stream　from　the　small　leaden　pipe　to
  the　distant　reservoir；　they　would　discover　that　a　glen　or　valley　has
  been　walled　in　by　a　stupendous　dam；　which　imprisons　a　hill…rivulet
  before　it　can　have　descended　to　the　impurities　of　habitations；　and　that
  the　pressure　of　waters　thus　stored　at　an　elevated　level　forces　a　supply
  to　a　town　at　a　distance　of　many　miles。　This　same　principle　might　be
  adopted　in　numerous　localities　among　the　mountains　of　Cyprus；　where　the
  streams　are　perennial；　but　are　now　exhausted　by　the　absorption　of　the
  sandy　beds　before　they　have　time　to　reach　the　villages　in　the　lower
  lands。　Iron　pipes　might　be　laid　to　convey　a　water…supply　to　certain
  districts；　upon　which　a　rate　would　be　levied　per　acre　and　the　crops
  would　be　ensured。
  The　government　at　the　present　moment　obtains　a　revenue　in　kind；　or　in　a
  money　valuation　of　the　corn　taken　at　the　threshing…floor；　thus　in　the
  absence　of　a　crop　through　drought；　or　other　accident；　the　revenue
  suffers　directly　together　with　the　owner：　no　crop；　no　revenue。　The　main
  strength　of　a　country　lies　in　an　annual　income　free　from　serious
  fluctuations；　and　the　extreme　instability　of　Cyprus　is　the　result　of　the
  peculiar　uncertainty　of　seasons　which　is　a　special　feature　in　its
  meteorological　condition。　It　is　therefore　incumbent　upon　the　government；
  as　an　act　of　self…preservation；　to　take　such　measures　of　precaution　as
  will　render　certain　the　supply　of　water；　which　is　all　that　is　required
  to　ensure　the　average　produce　of　the　soil；　and　thereby　to　sustain　the
  revenue。
  I　do　not　indulge　in　engineering　details；　but；　from　the　experience　I　have
  gained　by　a　personal　examination　of　the　localities；　I　am　convinced　that
  no　difficulty　whatever　exists　that　would　not　be　overcome　with　a　very
  moderate　outlay。　The　mountains　are　admirably　situated；　with　a　watershed
  upon　all　sides；　thus　offering　the　greatest　facilities　for　reservoirs　and
  pipes　that　would　radiate　in　every　direction。　This　subject　will　demand　a
  careful　inquiry　by　hydraulic　engineers；　as　it　is　a　special　branch　of　the
  profession　that　requires　wide　experience；　and　large　sums　may　be
  fruitlessly　expended　through　ignorance；　where　a　trifling　amount　well
  administered　might　achieve　great　results。
  One　of　the　first　necessary　steps　in　an　examination　of　the　subterranean
  water…supply　of　Cyprus　will　be　〃borings〃　that　will　test　the　existence
  of　artesian　springs。　There　are　in　many　portions　of　the　island　extensive
  plateaux　at　high　altitudes　that　would　absorb　a　considerable　rainfall；　in
  addition　to　a　large　superficial　area　of　mountains　and　hills　that　would
  exert　the　requisite　pressure　to　force　the　water　above　the　surface　of　a
  lower　level　upon　boring；　should　it　now　lie　beneath　some　impervious
  stratum。　Boring　will　alone　solve　this　question。　Should　artesian　wells　be
  practicable　in　certain　localities；　an　immense　blessing　will　be　conferred
  upon　the　island。
  In　the　meantime　the　native　method　already　described；　of　connecting
  chains　of　wells　from　different　springs　converging　to　a　main　channel　or
  subterranean　tunnel；　is　an　original　form　of　Cyprian　engineering
  thoroughly　understood　by　the　population；　which　should　be　strenuously
  encouraged。　It　is　a　common　fault　among　English　people　to　ignore　the
  value　of　native　methods；　and　to　substitute　some　costly　machinery　which
  requires　skilled　labour　and　expense　in　working；　this　must　in　time　get
  out　of　order　and　necessitate　delay　and　extra　outlay　in　repairs；
  generally　at　a　period　when　the　machine　is　most　required。
  It　is　a　curious　fact　that　the　shadoof　or　lever　and　bucket　worked　by
  hand；　which　is　so　generally　used　throughout　Egypt；　is　unknown　in　Cyprus；
  where　in　many　localities　it　would　be　easily　worked　when　water　is　within
  five　to　eight　feet　of　the　surface。　This　arrangement　only　requires　a　pole
  of　about　twenty　feet　in　length　supported　upon　an　upright　post；　so　as　to
  play　like　a　pump…handle　by　the　balance　of　a　weight　attached　to　one　end
  to　counterbalance　the　pail　of　water　suspended　to　a　long　stick　and　short
  rope　at　the　other　extremity。　In　Egypt　the　weight　at　the　short　end　is
  merely　a　mass　of　clay　tempered　with　chopped　straw　beaten　together　to
  represent　about　150　lbs。　or　whatever　may　be　required；　this　adheres；　and
  forms　a　knob　to　the　end　of　the　lever。
  A　man　holds　the　long　thin　stick　suspended　at　the　other　extremity　to
  which　the　bucket　is　attached；　and　pulls　it　down　hand　over　hand　until　the
  utensil　is　immersed　in　the　water；　when　full；　it　is　so　nearly
  counterbalanced　by　the　weight　at　the　end　of　the　lever　that　a　very　slight
  exertion　raises　it　to　the　desired　level；　where　it　is　emptied　into　a
  receiver。　Many　years　ago；　when　at　Gondokoro；　I　arranged　a　double　shadoof
  of　parallel　levers　and　two　galvanised　iron　buckets　of　four　gallons　each；
  worked　by　two　men。　I　timed　the　labour　of　this　simple　machine；　and　proved
  that　the　two　men　delivered　3600　gallons　within　an　hour。　The　men　exerted
  themselves　to　a　degree　that　could　not　have　been　continued　throughout　the
  day；　and　the　buckets；　of　English　make；　were　far　more　capacious　than　the
  simple　leather　stretched　upon　a　hoop　of　sticks　that　is　used　in　Egypt；
  but　there　is　no　reason　for　such　inferior　adjuncts。　It　may　be　safely
  assumed　that　with　proper　appliances　the　double　shadoof；　worked　by　two
  men；　will　deliver　2000　gallons　an　hour　for　a　working　day　of　six　active
  hours；　or　a　total　of　12；000　gallons。　In　Cyprus　the　wages　of　a　labourer
  are　one　shilling　a　day；　therefore　the　cost　of　raising　12；000　gallons
  would　be　only　two　shillings；　provided　the　water　is　only　five　feet　from
  the　surface。　There　are　many　portions　of　the　Messaria　plain　where　the
  water　is　even　nearer；　but　the　shadoof　could　work　profitably　at　six；　and
  even　at　eight　feet；　and　it　possesses　the　advantage　of　such　extreme
  cheapness　of　original　cost　that　the　outlay　is　insignificant。
  Where　fuel　is　expensive；　and　cattle　and　human　labour　cheap；　the　ancient
  Egyptian　water…wheel　will　deliver　a　supply　at　a　cheaper　rate　than　steam。
  It　has　the　merit　of　being　always　ready；　there　is　no　delay　in　lighting
  fires　and　getting　up　the　steam；　there　is　no　expensive　engineer　who　may
  be　sick　or　absent　when　required；　but　the　wheel　is　turned　either　by　night
  or　day　by　mules　or　oxen；　driven　by　a　child。　Wind　vanes　might　be　attached
  to　this　principle；　and　could　be　connected　on　favourable　occasions。
  The　peculiarity　throughout　the　lower　levels　in　Cyprus　（specially
  exhibited　in　the　plain　of　Messaria）　of　a　water…supply　within　a　few　feet
  of　the　surface；　at　the　same　time　that　the　crops　may　be　perishing　from
  drought；　is　in　favour　of　the　general　adoption　of　the　Egyptian　wheel。
  Although　this　simple　construction　is　one　of　the　oldest　inventions　for
  raising　water；　and　is　generally　understood；　I　may　be　excused　for
  describing　it　when　upon　the　important　topic　of　irrigation。
  A　large　pit　is　sunk　to　about　three　feet　below　the　level　of　the　water；
  and　should　the　earth　not　be　sufficiently　tenacious　for　self…support；　the
  sides　are　walled　with　masonry；　this　pit　would　usually　be　about　twenty
  feet　long；　four　feet　wide；　and　twenty　feet　deep　for　a　first…class　wheel。
  When　the　wooden　wheel　of　about　seventeen　feet　diameter　has　been　fixed
  upon