modern　warfare　has　attained　upon　the　Somme　front。　　The　appearance
  of　the　Tank　has　only　increased　the　offensive　advantage。　　There　at
  present　warfare　rests。
  There　is；　I　believe；　only　one　grade　higher　possible。　　The　success
  of　B2　depends　upon　the　completeness　of　the　aerial　observation。
  The　invention　of　an　anti…aircraft　gun　which　would　be　practically
  sure　of　hitting　and　bringing　down　an　aeroplane　at　any　height
  whatever　up　to　20；000　feet；　would　restore　the　defensive　and
  establish　what　I　should　think　must　be　the　final　grade　of　war；　A3。
  But　at　present　nothing　of　the　sort　exists　and　nothing　of　the　sort
  is　likely　to　exist　for　a　very　long　time；　at　present　hitting　an
  aeroplane　by　any　sort　of　gun　at　all　is　a　rare　and　uncertain
  achievement。　　Such　a　gun　is　not　impossible　and　therefore　we　must
  suppose　such　a　gun　will　some　day　be　constructed；　but　it　will　be
  of　a　novel　type　and　character；　unlike　anything　at　present　in
  existence。　　The　grade　of　fighting　that　I　was　privileged　to
  witness　on　the　Somme；　the　grade　at　which　a　steady　successful
  offensive　is　possible；　is　therefore；　I　conclude；　the　grade　at
  which　the　present　war　will　end。
  2
  But　now　having　thus　spread　out　the　broad　theory　of　the　business；
  let　me　go　on　to　tell　some　of　the　actualities　of　the　Somme
  offensive。　　They　key　fact　upon　both　British　and　French　fronts　was
  the　complete　ascendancy　of　the　Allies　aeroplanes。　　It　is　the
  necessary　preliminary　condition　for　the　method　upon　which　the
  great　generals　of　the　French　army　rely　in　this　sanitary　task　of
  shoving　the　German　Thing　off　the　soil　of　Belgium　and　France　back
  into　its　own　land。　　A　man　who　is　frequently　throwing　out
  prophecies　is　bound　to　score　a　few　successes；　and　one　that　I　may
  legitimately　claim　is　my　early　insistence　upon　that　fact　that　the
  equality　of　the　German　aviator　was　likely　to　be　inferior　to　that
  of　his　French　or　British　rival。　　The　ordinary　German　has　neither
  the　flexible　quality　of　body；　the　quickness　of　nerve；　the
  temperament；　nor　the　mental　habits　that　make　a　successful
  aviator。　　This　idea　was　first　put　into　my　head　by　considering　the
  way　in　which　Germans　walk　and　carry　themselves；　and　by　nothing
  the　difference　in　nimbleness　between　the　cyclists　in　the　streets
  of　German　and　French　towns。　　It　was　confirmed　by　a　conversation　I
  had　with　a　German　aviator　who　was　also　a　dramatist；　and　who　came
  to　see　me　upon　some　copyright　matter　in　1912。　　He　broached　the
  view　that　aviation　would　destroy　democracy；　because　he　said　only
  aristocrats　make　aviators。　　（He　was　a　man　of　good　family。）　With　a
  duke　or　so　in　my　mind　I　asked　him　why。　　Because；　he　explained；　a
  man　without　aristocratic　quality　in　tradition；　cannot　possibly
  endure　the　〃high　loneliness〃　of　the　air。　　That　sounded　rather
  like　nonsense　at　the　time；　and　then　I　reflected　that　for　a
  Prussian　that　might　be　true。　　There　may　be　something　in　the
  German　composition　that　does　demand　association　and　the　support
  of　pride　and　training　before　dangers　can　be　faced。　　The　Germans
  are　social　and　methodical；　the　French　and　English　are　by
  comparison　chaotic　and　instinctive；　perhaps　the　very　readiness
  for　a　conscious　orderliness　that　makes　the　German　so　formidable
  upon　the　ground；　so　thorough　and　fore…seeking；　makes　him　slow　and
  unsure　in　the　air。　　At　any　rate　the　experiences　of　this　war　have
  seemed　to　carry　out　this　hypothesis。　　The　German　aviators　will
  not　as　a　class　stand　up　to　those　of　the　Allies。　　They　are　not
  nimble　in　the　air。　　Such　champions　as　they　have　produced　have
  been　men　of　one　trick；　one　of　their　great　men；　Immelmannhe　was
  put　down　by　an　English　boy　a　month　or　so　agohad　a　sort　of
  hawk's　swoop。　　He　would　go　very　high　and　then　come　down　at　his
  utmost　pace　at　his　antagonist；　firing　his　machine　gun　at　him　as
  he　came。　　If　he　missed　in　this　hysterical　lunge；　he　went　on
  down。。。。　　This　does　not　strike　the　Allied　aviator　as　very
  brilliant。　　A　gentleman　of　that　sort　can　sooner　or　later　be
  caught　on　the　rise　by　going　for　him　over　the　German
  lines。
  The　first　phase；　then；　of　the　highest　grade　offensive；　the
  ultimate　development　of　war　regardless　of　expense；　is　the
  clearance　of　the　air。　　Such　German　machines　as　are　up　are　put
  down　by　fighting　aviators。　　These　last　fly　high；　in　the　clear
  blue　of　the　early　morning　they　look　exactly　like　gnats；　some
  trail　a　little　smoke　in　the　sunshine；　they　take　their　machine
  guns　in　pursuit　over　the　German　lines；　and　the　German　anti…
  aircraft　guns；　the　Archibalds；　begin　to　pattern　the　sky　about
  them　with　little　balls　of　black　smoke。　　From　below　one　does　not
  see　men　nor　feel　that　men　are　there；　it　is　as　if　it　were　an
  affair　of　midges。　　Close　after　the　fighting　machines　come　the
  photographic　aeroplanes；　with　cameras　as　long　as　a　man　is　high；
  flying　lowat　four　or　five　thousand　feet　that　isover　the　enemy
  trenches。　　The　Archibald　leaves　these　latter　alone；　it　cannot
  fire　a　shell　to　explode　safely　so　soon　after　firing；　but　they　are
  shot　at　with　rifles　and　machine　guns。　　They　do　not　mind　being
  shot　at；　only　the　petrol　tank　and　the　head　and　thorax　of　the
  pilot　are　to　be　considered　vital。　　They　will　come　back　with　forty
  or　fifty　bullet　holes　in　the　fabric。　　They　will　go　under　this
  fire　along　the　length　of　the　German　positions　exposing　plate
  after　plate；　one　machine　will　get　a　continuous　panorama　of　many
  miles　and　then　come　back　straight　to　the　aerodrome　to　develop　its
  plates。
  There　is　no　waste　of　time　about　the　business；　the　photographs　are
  developed　as　rapidly　as　possible。　　Within　an　hour　and　a　half
  after　the　photographs　were　taken　the　first　prints　are　going　back
  into　the　bureau　for　the　examination　of　the　photographs。　　Both
  British　and　French　air　photographs　are　thoroughly　scrutinised　and
  marked。
  An　air　photograph　to　an　inexperienced　eye　is　not　a　very
  illuminating　thing；　one　makes　our　roads；　blurs　of　wood；　and
  rather　vague　buildings。　　But　the　examiner　has　an　eye　that　has
  been　in　training；　he　is　a　picked　man；　he　has　at　hand　yesterday's
  photographs　and　last　week's　photographs；　marked　maps　and　all
  sorts　of　aids　and　records。　　If　he　is　a　Frenchman　he　is　only　too
  happy　to　explain　his　ideas　and　methods。　　Here；　he　will　point　out；
  is　a　little　difference　between　the　German　trench　beyond　the　wood
  since　yesterday。　　For　a　number　of　reasons　he　thinks　that　will　be
  a　new　machine　gun　emplacement；　here　at　the　centre　of　the　farm
  wall　they　have　been　making　another。　　This　battery　hereisn't　it
  plain？　　Well；　it's　a　dummy。　　The　grass　in　front　of　it　hasn't　been
  scorched；　and　there's　been　no　serious　wear　on　the　road　here　for　a
  week。　　Presently　the　Germans　will　send　one　or　two　waggons　up　and
  down　that　road　and　instruct　them　to　make　figures　of　eight　to
  imitate　scorching　on　the　grass　in　front　of　the　gun。　　We　know　all
  about　that。　　The　real　wear　on　the　road；　compare　this　and　this　and
  this；　ends　here　at　this　spot。　　It　turns　off　into　the　wood。
  There's　a　sort　of　track　in　the　trees。　　Now　look　where　the　trees
  are　just　a　little　displaced！　　（This　lens　is　rather　better　for
  that。）　/That's/　one　gun。　　You　see？　　Here；　I　will　show　you
  another。。。。
  That　process　goes　on　two　or　three　miles　behind　the　front　line。
  Very　clean　young　men　in　white　overalls　do　it　as　if　it　were　a
  labour　of　love。　　And　the　Germans　in　the　trenches；　the　German
  gunners；　/know　it　is　going　on。/　　They　know　that　in　the
  quickest　possible　way　these　observations　of　the　aeroplane　that
  was　over　them　just　now　will　go　to　the　gunners。　　The　careful
  gunner；　firing　by　the　map　and　marking　by　aeroplane；　kite　balloon
  or　direct　observation；　will　be　getting　onto　the　located　guns　and
  machine　guns　in　another　couple　of　hours。　　The　French　claim　that
  they　have　located　new　batteries；　got　their　/tir　de
  demolition/　upon　them　in　and　destroyed　them　within　five
  hours。　　The　British　I　told　of　that　found　it　incredible。　　Every
  day　the　French　print　special　maps　showing　the　guns；　sham　guns；
  trenches；　everything　of　significance　behind　the　German　lines；
  showing　everything　that　has　happened　in　the　last　four…and…twenty
  hours。　　It　is　pitiless。　　It　is　indecent。　　The　map…making　and
  printing　goes　on　in　the　room　next　and　most　convenient　to　the
  examination　of　the　photographs。　　And；　as　I　say；　the　German　army
  knows　of　this；　and　knows　that　it　cannot　prevent　it　because　of　its
  aerial　weakness。　　That　knowledge　is　not　the　last　among　the　forces
  that　is　crumpling　up　the　German　resistance　upon　the　Somme。
  I　visited　some　French　guns　during　the　/tir　de
  demolition/　phase。　　I　counted　nine　aeroplanes　and
  twenty…six　kite　balloons　in　the　air　at　the　same　time。　　There　was
  nothing　German　visible　in　the　air　at　all。
  It　is　a　case　of　eyes　and　no　eyes。
  The　French　attack　resolves　itself　into　a　triple　system　of　gun…
  fire。　　First　for　a　day　or　so；　or　two　or　three　days；　there　is
  demolition　fire　to　smash　up　all　the　exactly　located　batteries；
  organisation；　supports；　behind　the　front　line　enemy　trenches；
  then　comes　barrage　fire　to　cut　off　supplies　and　reinforcements；
  then；　before　the　advance；　the　hammering　down　fire；　〃heads　down；〃
  upon　the　trenches。　　When　at　last　this　stops　and　the　infantry　goes
  forward　to　rout　out　the　trenches　and　the　dug…outs；　they　go
  forward　with　a　minimum　of　inconvenience。　　The　first　wave　of
  attack　fights；　destroys；　or　disarms　the　surviving　Germans　and