appeared　something　like　a　Camp；　for　the　Bowers　looked　like　Tents；　only
  being　larger　and　covered　with　Palmetto　Leaves。〃*
  *　Moore's　〃Voyage　to　Georgia〃。　Quoted　in　Winsor's　〃Narrative　and
  Critical　History　of　America〃；　vol。　V；　p。　378。
  Their　life　sounds　idyllic；　but　it　will　not　always　be　so。　Thunders　will
  arise；　serpents　be　found　in　Eden。　But　here　now　we　leave　themin　infant
  Savannahin　the　Salzburgers'　village　of　Ebenezer　and　in　the　Moravian
  village　nearbyin　Darien　of　the　Highlandersand　in　Frederica；　where　until
  houses　are　built　they　will　live　in　palmetto　bowers。
  Virginia；　Maryland；　the　two　Carolinas；　Georgiathe　southern　sweep　of
  England…in…Americaare　colonized。　They　have　communication　with　one　another
  and　with　middle　and　northern　England…in…America。　They　also　have
  communication　with　the　motherland　over　the　sea。　The　greetings　of　kindred
  and　the　fruits　of　labor　travel　to　and　fro：　over　the　salt；　tumbling　waves。
  But　also　go　mutual　criticism　and　complaint。　〃Each　man；〃　says　Goethe；　〃is
  led　and　misled　after　a　fashion　peculiar　to　himself。〃　So　with　those　mass
  persons　called　countries。　Tension　would　come　about；　tension　would　relax；
  tension　would　return　and　increase　between　Mother　England　and　Daughter
  America。　In　all　these　colonies；　in　the　year　with　which　this　narrative
  closes；　there　were　living　children　and　young　persons　who　would　see　the　cord
  between　broken；　would　hear　read　the　Declaration　of　Independence。　Sobut
  the　true　bond　could　never　be　broken；　for　mother　and　daughter　after　all　are
  one。
  THE　NAVIGATION　LAWS
  Three　acts　of　Parliamentthe　Navigation　Act　of　1660；　the　Staple　Act　of
  1663；　and　the　Act　of　1673　imposingg　Plantation　Dutieslaid　the　foundation
  of　the　old　colonial　system　of　Great　Britain。　Contrary　to　the　somewhat
  passionate　contentions　of　older　historians；　they　were　not　designed　in　any
  tyrannical　spirit；　though　they　embodied　a　theory　of　colonization　and　trade
  which　has　long　since　been　discarded。　In　the　seventeenth　century　colonies
  were　regarded　as　plantations　existing　solely　for　the　benefit　of　the　mother
  country。　Therefore　their　trade　and　industry　must　be　regulated　so　as　to
  contribute　most　to　the　sea　power；　the　commerce；　and　the　industry　of　the
  home　country　which　gave　them　protection。　Sir　Josiah　Child　was　only
  expressing　a　commonplace　observation　of　the　mercantilists　when　he　wrote
  〃That　all　colonies　or　plantations　do　endamage　their　Mother…Kingdoms；　whereof
  the　trades　of　such　Plantations　are　not　confined　by　severe　Laws；　and　good
  execution　of　those　Laws；　to　the　Mother…Kingdom。〃
  The　Navigation　Act　of　1660；　following　the　policy　laid　down　in　the　statute
  of　1651　enacted　under　the　Commonwealth；　was　a　direct　blow　aimed　at　the
  Dutch；　who　were　fast　monopolizing　the　carrying　trade。　It　forbade　any　goods
  to　be　imported　into　or　exported　from　His　Majesty's　plantations　except　in
  English；　Irish；　or　colonial　vessels　of　which　the　master　and　three　fourths
  of　the　crew　must　be　English；　and　it　forbade　the　importation　into　England　of
  any　goods　produced　in　the　plantations　unless　carried　in　English　bottoms。
  Contemporary　Englishmen　hailed　this　act　as　the　Magna　Charta　of　the　Sea。
  There　was　no　attempt　to　disguise　its　purpose。　〃The　Bent　and　Design；〃　wrote
  Charles　Davenant；　〃was　to　make　those　colonies　as　much　dependant　as　possible
  upon　their　Mother…Country；〃　by　preventing　them　from　trading　independently
  and　so　diverting　their　wealth。　The　effect　would　be　to　give　English；　Irish；
  and　colonial　shipping　a　monopoly　of　the　carrying　trade　within　the　Empire。
  The　act　also　aided　English　merchants　by　the　requirement　that　goods　of
  foreign　origin　should　be　imported　directly　from　the　place　of　production；
  and　that　certain　enumerated　commodities　of　the　plantations　should　be
  carried　only　to　English　ports。　These　enumerated　commodities　were　products
  of　the　southern　and　semitropical　plantations：　〃Sugars；　Tobacco；
  Cotton…wool；　Indicoes；　Ginger；　Fustick　or　other　dyeing　wood。〃
  To　benefit　British　merchants　still　more　directly　by　making　England　the
  staple　not　only　of　plantation　products　but　also　of　all　commodities　of　all
  countries；　the　Act　of　1663　was　passed　by　Parliament。　〃No　Commoditie　of　the
  Growth　Production　or　Manufacture　of　Europe　shall　be　imported　into　any　Land
  Island　Plantation　Colony　Territory　or　Place　to　His　Majestie　belonging　。。　。
  but　what　shall　be　bona　fide　and　without　fraude　laden　and　shipped　in　England
  Wales　＇and＇　the　Towne　of　Berwicke　upon　Tweede　and　in　English　built
  Shipping。〃　The　preamble　to　this　famous　act　breathed　no　hostile　intent。　The
  design　was　to　maintain　〃a　greater　correspondence　and　kindnesse〃　between　the
  plantations　and　the　mother　country；　to　encourage　shipping；　to　render
  navigation　cheaper　and　safer；　to　make　〃this　Kingdome　a　Staple　not　only　of
  the　Commodities　of　those　Plantations　but　also　of　the　Commodities　of　other
  Countries　and　places　for　the　supplying　of　them〃it〃　being　the　usage　of
  other　nations　to　keepe　their　＇Plantations＇　Trade　to　themselves。〃
  The　Act　of　1673　was　passed　to　meet　certain　difficulties　which　arose　in　the
  administration　of　the　Act　of　1660。　The　earlier　act　permitted　colonial
  vessels　to　carry　enumerated　commodities　from　the　place　of　production　to
  another　plantation　without　paying　duties。　Under　cover　of　this　provision；　it
  was　assumed　that　enumerated　commodities；　after　being　taken　to　a　plantation；
  could　then　be　sent　directly　to　continental　ports　free　of　duty。　The　new　act
  provided　that；　before　vessels　left　a　colonial　port；　bonds　should　be　given
  that　the　enumerated　commodities　would　be　carried　only　to　England。　If　bonds
  were　not　given　and　the　commodities　were　taken　to　another　colonial　port；
  plantation　duties　were　collected　according　to　a　prescribed　schedule。
  These　acts　were　not　rigorously　enforced　until　after　the　passage　of　the
  administrative　act　of　1696　and　the　establishment　of　admiralty　courts。　Even
  then　it　does　not　appear　that　they　bore　heavily　on　the　colonies；　or
  occasioned　serious　protest。　The　trade　acts　of　1764　and　1765　are　described
  in　〃The　Eve　of　the　Revolution〃。EDITOR。
  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE
  The　literature　of　the　Colonial　South　is　like　the　leaves　of　Vallombrosa　for
  multitude。　Here　may　be　indicated　some　volumes　useful　in　any　general　survey。
  VIRGINIA
  Hakluyt's　〃Principal　Voyages。〃　12　vols。　（Hakluyt　Society。　Extra　Series；
  1905…1907。）　〃The　Prose　Epic　of　the　modern　English　nation。〃
  〃Purchas；　His　Pilgrims。〃　20　vols。　（Hakluyt　Society；　Extra　Series；　1905…1907。）
  Hening's　〃Statutes　at　Large；〃　published　in　1823；　is　an　eminently　valuable
  collection　of　the　laws　of　colonial　Virginia；　beginning　with　the　Assembly　of
  1619。　Hening's　own　quotation　from　Priestley；　〃The　Laws　of　a　country　are
  necessarily　connected　with　everything　belonging　to　the　people　of　it：　so
  that　a　thorough　knowledge　of　them　and　of　their　progress　would　inform　us　of
  everything　that　was　most　useful　to　be　known；〃　indicates　the　range　and
  weight　of　his　thirteen　volumes。
  William　Stith's　〃The　History　of　the　Discovery　and　First　Settlement　of
  Virginia〃　（1747）　gives　some　valuable　documents　and　a　picture　of　the　first
  years　at　Jamestown。
  Alexander　Brown's　〃Genesis　of　the　United　States〃；　2　vols。　（1890）；　is　a　very
  valuable　work；　giving　historical　manuscripts　and　tracts。　Less　valuable　is
  his　〃First　Republic　in　America〃　（1898）；　in　which　the　author　attempts　to
  weave　his　material　into　a　historical　narrative。
  Philip　A。　Bruce's　〃Economic　History　of　Virginia　in　the　Seventeenth
  Century〃；　2　vols。　（1896）；　is　a　highly　interesting　and　exhaustive　survey。
  The　same　author　has　written　〃Social　Life　of　Virginia　in　the　Seventeenth
  Century〃　（1907）　and　〃Institutional　History　of　Virginia　in　the　Seventeenth
  Century〃；　2　vols。　（1910）。
  John　Fiske's　〃Virginia　and　Her　Neighbors；〃　2　vols。　（1897）；　and　John　E。
  Cooke's　Virginia　（American　Commonwealth　Series；　1883）　are　written　in
  lighter　vein　than　the　foregoing　histories　and　possess　much　literary
  distinction。
  On　Captain　John　Smith　there　are　writings　innumerable。　Some　writers　give
  credence　to　Smith's　own　narratives；　while　others　do　not。　John　Fiske　accepts
  the　narratives　as　history；　and　Edward　Arber；　who　has　edited　them　（2　vols。；
  1884）；　holds　that　the　〃General　History〃　（1624）　is　more　reliable　than　the
  〃True　Relation〃　（1608）。　On　the　other　side；　as　doubters　of　Smith's
  credibility；　are　ranged　such　weighty　authorities　as　Charles　Deane；　Henry
  Adams；　and　Alexander　Brown。
  Thomas　J。　Wertenbaker's　〃Virginia　under　the　Stuarts〃　（1914）　is　a
  painstaking　effort　to　set　forth　the　political　history　of　the　colony　in　the
  light　of　recent　historical　investigation；　but　the　book　is　devoid　of
  literary　attractiveness。
  MARYLAND
  〃The　Archives　of　Maryland〃；　37　vols。　（1883…）　contain　the　official　documents
  of　the　province。　John　L。　Bozman's　〃　History　of　Maryland〃；　2　vols。　（1837）；
  contains　much　valuable　material　for　the　years　1634…1658。
  J。　T。　Scharf's　〃History　of　Maryland〃；　3　vols。　（1879）；　is　a　solid　piece　of
  work；　but　the　reader　will　turn　by　preference　to　the　more　readable　books　by
  John　Fiske；　〃Virginia　and　Her　Neighbors〃；　and　William　H。　Browne；　〃Maryland；
  The　History　of　a　Palatinate　〃　（〃American　Commonwealth　Series；〃　1884）。
  Browne　has　also　written　〃George　and　Cecilius　Calvert　〃（1890）。
  THE　CAROLINAS
  〃The　Colonial　Records　of　North　Carolina〃；　1