第 13 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  by   the   guidance   of   God;   by   the   help   of   God;   external   and   inward;   and;
  lastly; what I understand by fortune。
  (13) By the help of God; I mean the fixed and unchangeable order of
  nature   or   the   chain   of   natural   events:   for   I   have   said   before   and   shown
  elsewhere that the universal laws of nature; according to which all things
  exist and are determined; are only another name for the eternal decrees of
  God; which always involve eternal truth and necessity。
  (14) So that to say that everything happens according to natural laws;
  and to say that everything is ordained by the decree and ordinance of God;
  is the same thing。 (15) Now since the power in nature is identical with the
  power   of   God;   by   which   alone   all   things   happen   and   are   determined;   it
  follows that whatsoever man; as a part of nature; provides himself with to
  aid and preserve his existence; or whatsoever nature affords him without
  41
  … Page 42…
  A Theologico…Political Treatise
  his help; is given to him solely by the Divine power; acting either through
  human nature or through external circumstance。 (16) So whatever human
  nature can furnish itself with by its own efforts to preserve its existence;
  may be fitly called the inward aid of God; whereas whatever else accrues
  to man's profit from outward causes may be called the external aid of God。
  (17) We can now easily understand what is meant by the election of
  God。   (18)   For   since   no   one   can   do   anything   save   by   the   predetermined
  order of nature; that is by God's eternal ordinance and decree; it follows
  that no one can choose a plan of life for himself; or accomplish any work
  save by God's vocation choosing him for the work or the plan of life in
  question;     rather   than   any   other。   (19)   Lastly;   by   fortune;   I  mean    the
  ordinance of God in so  far as it directs   human life through external   and
  unexpected means。 (20) With these preliminaries I return to my purpose of
  discovering the reason why the Hebrews were said to be elected by God
  before other nations; and with the demonstration I thus proceed。
  (21) All objects of legitimate desire fall; generally speaking; under one
  of these three categories:
  1。 The knowledge of things through their primary causes。                       2。
  The     government      of  the   passions;   or   the  acquirement      of  the   habit  of
  virtue。         3。 Secure and healthy life。
  (22) The means which most directly conduce towards the first two of
  these   ends;   and   which   may   be   considered   their   proximate   and   efficient
  causes are contained in human nature itself; so that their acquisition hinges
  only on our own power; and on the laws of human nature。 (23) It may be
  concluded that these gifts are not peculiar to any nation; but have always
  been shared by the whole human race; unless; indeed; we would indulge
  the dream that nature formerly created men of different kinds。 (24) But the
  means      which    conduce     to  security    and   health   are   chiefly   in  external
  circumstance;   and   are   called   the   gifts   of   fortune   because   they   depend
  chiefly on objective causes of which we are ignorant; for a fool may be
  almost     as   liable   to  happiness     or  unhappiness      as   a  wise    man。    (25)
  Nevertheless;      human     management       and    watchfulness     can   greatly   assist
  towards living in security and warding off the injuries of our fellow…men;
  and   even   of   beasts。   (26)   Reason   and   experience   show   no   more   certain
  42
  … Page 43…
  A Theologico…Political Treatise
  means of attaining this object than the formation of a society with fixed
  laws;   the   occupation   of   a   strip   of   territory   and   the   concentration   of   all
  forces;   as   it   were;   into   one   body;   that   is   the   social   body。   (27)   Now   for
  forming and preserving a society; no ordinary ability and care is required:
  that society will be most secure; most stable; and least liable to reverses;
  which is founded and directed by far…seeing and careful men; while; on the
  other hand; a society constituted by men without trained skill; depends in a
  great measure on fortune; and is less constant。 (28) If; in spite of all; such
  a society lasts a long time; it is owing to some other directing influence
  than   its   own;   if   it   overcomes   great   perils   and   its   affairs   prosper;   it   will
  perforce marvel at and adore the guiding Spirit of God (in so far; that is; as
  God works through hidden means; and not through the nature and mind of
  man);      for   everything      happens      to   it  unexpectedly       and    contrary     to
  anticipation;      it  may   even    be  said   and    thought    to  be   by  miracle。    (29)
  Nations; then; are distinguished from one another in respect to the social
  organization   and   the   laws   under   which   they   live   and   are   governed;   the
  Hebrew   nation   was   not   chosen   by   God   in   respect   to   its   wisdom   nor   its
  tranquillity of mind; but in respect to its social organization and the good
  fortune with which it obtained supremacy and kept it so many years。 (30)
  This is abundantly clear from Scripture。 Even a cursory perusal will show
  us that the only respects in which the Hebrews surpassed other nations; are
  in their successful conduct of matters relating to government; and in their
  surmounting great perils solely by God's external aid; in other ways they
  were on a par with their fellows; and God was equally gracious to all。 (31)
  For in respect to intellect (as we have shown in the last chapter) they held
  very ordinary ideas about God and nature; so that they cannot have been
  God's chosen in this respect; nor were they so chosen in respect of virtue
  and the true life; for here again they; with the exception of a very few elect;
  were on an equality with other nations: therefore their choice and vocation
  consisted only  in   the temporal   happiness   and advantages of   independent
  rule。 (32) In fact; we do not see that God promised anything beyond this to
  the patriarchs 'Endnote 4' or their successors; in the law no other reward
  is   offered   for   obedience   than   the   continual   happiness   of   an   independent
  commonwealth   and   other   goods   of   this   life;   while;   on   the   other   hand;
  43
  … Page 44…
  A Theologico…Political Treatise
  against   contumacy   and   the   breaking   of   the   covenant   is   threatened   the
  downfall of the commonwealth and great hardships。 (33) Nor is this to be
  wondered at; for the ends of every social organization and commonwealth
  are (as appears from what we have said; and as we will explain more at
  length hereafter) security and comfort; a commonwealth can only exist by
  the laws being binding on all。 (34) If all the members of a state wish to
  disregard the law; by that very fact they dissolve the state and destroy the
  commonwealth。  (35) Thus;  the   only  reward   which   could be promised   to
  the Hebrews for continued obedience to the law was security 'Endnote 5'
  and     its  attendant     advantages;     while    no    surer   punishment       could    be
  threatened for disobedience; than the ruin of the state and the evils which
  generally   follow   therefrom;   in   addition   to   such   further   consequences   as
  might accrue to the Jews in particular from the ruin of their especial state。
  (36) But there is no need here to go into this point at more length。 (37) I
  will    only   add   that  the   laws   of  the   Old   Testament     were    revealed    and
  ordained to the Jews only; for as God chose them in respect to the special
  constitution of   their   society  and   government;  they  must;  of   course;  have
  had    special    laws。   (38)   Whether     God    ordained     special    laws   for  other
  nations also; and revealed Himself to their lawgivers prophetically; that is;
  under the attributes by which the latter were accustomed to imagine Him; I
  cannot sufficiently determine。 (39) It is evident from Scripture itself that
  other nations acquired supremacy and particular laws by the external aid
  of God; witness only the two following passages:
  (40) In Genesis xiv:18; 19; 20; it is related that Melchisedek was king
  of   Jerusalem   and   priest   of   the   Most   High   God;   that   in   exercise   of   his
  priestly functions he blessed Abraham; and that Abraham the beloved of
  the   Lord   gave   to   this   priest   of   God   a   tithe   of