第 4 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9294
  inferior to prophetic; unless indeed we believe; or rather dream; that the
  prophets had human bodies but superhuman minds; and therefore that their
  sensations and consciousness were entirely different from our own。
  (8) But; although ordinary knowledge is Divine; its professors cannot
  be called prophets   'Endnote 2';  for  they teach   what the  rest   of  mankind
  could   perceive   and   apprehend;  not   merely  by  simple   faith; but   as   surely
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  and honourably as themselves。
  (9)   Seeing    then   that   our   mind    subjectively    contains    in   itself  and
  partakes   of   the   nature   of   God;   and   solely   from   this   cause   is   enabled   to
  form   notions   explaining   natural   phenomena   and   inculcating   morality;   it
  follows that we may rightly assert the nature of the human mind (in so far
  as it is thus conceived) to be a primary cause of Divine revelation。 (10) All
  that we clearly and distinctly understand is dictated to us; as I have just
  pointed out; by the idea and nature of God; not indeed through words; but
  in a way far more excellent and agreeing perfectly with the nature of the
  mind; as all who have enjoyed intellectual certainty will doubtless attest。
  (11)    Here;   however;     my    chief   purpose    is  to  speak    of  matters   having
  reference   to   Scripture;   so   these   few   words   on   the   light   of   reason   will
  suffice。
  (12)  I  will   now  pass   on  to;   and treat   more  fully;  the  other  ways   and
  means   by  which   God   makes   revelations to   mankind;   both   of   that   which
  transcends ordinary knowledge; and of that within its scope; for there is no
  reason why God should not employ other means to communicate what we
  know already by the power of reason。
  (13)    Our   conclusions      on   the  subject    must    be  drawn     solely   from
  Scripture;      for  what     can   we    affirm    about    matters    transcending      our
  knowledge except what is told us by the words or writings of prophets?
  (14) And since there are; so far as I know; no prophets now alive; we have
  no alternative but to read the books of prophets departed; taking care the
  while not to reason from metaphor or to ascribe anything to our authors
  which they do not themselves distinctly state。 (15) I must further premise
  that   the   Jews    never    make    any   mention     or   account    of  secondary;     or
  particular causes; but in a spirit of religion; piety; and what is commonly
  called godliness; refer all things directly to the Deity。 (16) For instance if
  they make money by a transaction; they say God gave it to them; if they
  desire anything; they say God has disposed their hearts towards it; if they
  think anything; they say God told them。 (17) Hence we must not suppose
  that everything is prophecy or revelation which is described in Scripture as
  told by God to anyone; but only such things as are expressly announced as
  prophecy or revelation; or are plainly pointed to as such by the context。
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  (18)    A   perusal    of  the   sacred   books     will  show     us  that   all  God's
  revelations to the prophets were made through words or appearances; or a
  combination of the   two。 (19) These   words and appearances   were of   two
  kinds; 1。… real when external to the mind of the prophet who heard or saw
  them;   2。…   imaginary   when   the   imagination   of   the   prophet   was   in   a   state
  which led him distinctly to suppose that he heard or saw them。
  (20)   With   a   real   voice   God   revealed   to   Moses   the   laws   which   He
  wished   to   be   transmitted   to   the   Hebrews;   as   we   may   see   from   Exodus
  xxv:22;   where   God   says;   〃And   there   I   will   meet   with   thee   and   I   will
  commune with thee from the mercy seat which is between the Cherubim。〃
  (21)   Some   sort   of   real   voice   must   necessarily   have   been   employed;   for
  Moses found God ready to commune with him at any time。 This; as I shall
  shortly show; is the only instance of a real voice。
  (22) We might; perhaps; suppose that the voice with which God called
  Samuel was real; for in 1 Sam。 iii:21; we read; 〃And the Lord appeared
  again in Shiloh; for the Lord revealed Himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the
  word of the Lord;〃 implying that the appearance of the Lord consisted in
  His   making   Himself   known   to   Samuel   through   a   voice;   in   other   words;
  that   Samuel     heard    the   Lord   speaking。     (23)   But   we   are   compelled     to
  distinguish between the prophecies of Moses and those of other prophets;
  and   therefore   must   decide   that   this   voice   was   imaginary;   a   conclusion
  further   supported   by   the   voice's   resemblance   to   the   voice   of   Eli;   which
  Samuel was   in the habit of   hearing;   and therefore   might   easily  imagine;
  when thrice called by the Lord; Samuel supposed it to have been Eli。
  (24) The voice which Abimelech heard was imaginary; for it is written;
  Gen。 xx:6; 〃And God said unto him in a dream。〃 (25) So that the will of
  God was manifest to him; not in waking; but only; in sleep; that is; when
  the   imagination   is   most   active   and   uncontrolled。   (26)   Some   of   the   Jews
  believe that the actual words of the Decalogue were not spoken by God;
  but that the Israelites heard a noise only; without any distinct words; and
  during     its  continuance      apprehended      the   Ten   Commandments          by   pure
  intuition; to this opinion I myself once inclined; seeing that the words of
  the Decalogue in Exodus are different from the words of the Decalogue in
  Deuteronomy; for the discrepancy seemed to imply (since God only spoke
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  once) that the Ten Commandments were not intended to convey the actual
  words of the Lord; but only His meaning。 (27) However; unless we would
  do violence to Scripture; we must certainly admit that the Israelites heard a
  real voice; for Scripture expressly says;  Deut。 v:4;〃 God spake with   you
  face   to   face;〃   i。e。   as   two   men   ordinarily   interchange   ideas   through   the
  instrumentality of their two bodies; and therefore it seems more consonant
  with Holy Writ to suppose that God really did create a voice of some kind
  with which the Decalogue was revealed。 (28) The discrepancy of the two
  versions is treated of in Chap。 VIII。
  (29) Yet not even thus is all difficulty removed; for it seems scarcely
  reasonable to affirm that a created thing; depending on God in the same
  manner  as   other   created   things;   would   be   able   to   express   or   explain   the
  nature of God either verbally or really by means of its individual organism:
  for instance; by declaring in the first person; 〃I am the Lord your God。〃
  (30) Certainly when anyone says with his mouth; 〃I understand;〃 we
  do   not   attribute   the   understanding   to   the   mouth;   but   to   the   mind   of   the
  speaker;   yet   this   is   because   the   mouth   is   the   natural   organ   of   a   man
  speaking;       and    the    hearer;    knowing      what     understanding        is;  easily
  comprehends;   by   a   comparison   with   himself;   that   the   speaker's   mind   is
  meant; but if we knew nothing of God beyond the mere name and wished
  to commune with Him; and be assured of His existence; I fail to see how
  our    wish     would     be   satisfied   by    the   declaration     of  a   created    thing
  (depending on God neither more nor less than ourselves); 〃I am the Lord。〃
  (31) If God contorted the lips of Moses; or; I will not say Moses; but some
  beast;    till  they   pronounced       the   words;    〃I   am   the   Lord;〃     should    we
  apprehend the Lord's existence therefrom?
  (32)   Scripture   seems   clearly   to   point   to   the   belief   that   God   spoke
  Himself; having descended from heaven to Mount Sinai for the purpose …
  and   not   only   that   the   Israelites   heard   Him   speaking;   but   that   their   chief
  men beheld Him (Ex:xxiv。) (33) Further the law of Moses; which might
  neither   be   added   to   nor   curtailed;   and   which   was   set   up   as   a   national
  standard of right; nowhere prescribed the belief that God is without body;
  or   even   without   form   or   figure;   but   only   ordained   that   the   Jews   should
  believe in His existence and worship Him alone: it forbade them to invent