第 26 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9321
  surpassed。 And the conditions may vary between opposite extremes:                       for
  example;   in   a   London   or   Paris   slum   every   child   adds   to   the   burden   of
  poverty and helps to starve the parents and all the other children; whereas
  in a settlement of pioneer colonists every child; from the moment it is big
  enough to lend a hand to the family industry; is an investment in which the
  only danger is that of temporary over…capitalization。                Then there are the
  variations in family sentiment。          Sometimes the family organization is as
  frankly  political   as   the   organization   of   an   army   or   an   industry: fathers
  being     no  more    expected     to  be   sentimental     about   their   children    than
  colonels about soldiers; or factory owners about their employees; though
  the   mother   may   be   allowed   a   little   tenderness   if   her   character   is   weak。
  The    Roman      father   was   a  despot:    the   Chinese     father  is  an  object   of
  worship:      the   sentimental   modern   western   father   is   often   a   play…fellow
  looked     to  for  toys   and   pocket…money。        The    farmer    sees   his  children
  constantly:      the squire sees them only during the holidays; and not then
  oftener than he can help:         the tram conductor; when employed by a joint
  stock company; sometimes never sees them at all。
  Under   such   circumstances   phrases   like The   Influence   of   Home   Life;
  The Family; The Domestic Hearth; and so on; are no more specific than
  The Mammals;  or The Man   In The  Street; and  the  pious   generalizations
  founded so glibly on them by our sentimental moralists are unworkable。
  When   households   average   twelve   persons   with   the   sexes   about   equally
  represented; the results may be fairly good。             When they average three the
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  results may be very bad indeed; and to lump the two together under the
  general     term   The    Family     is  to  confuse    the   question    hopelessly。    The
  modern small family is much too stuffy:               children 〃brought up at home〃
  in   it   are   unfit   for   society。 But   here   again   circumstances   differ。   If   the
  parents live in what is called a garden suburb; where there is a good deal
  of social intercourse; and the family; instead of keeping itself to itself; as
  the evil old saying is; and glowering at the neighbors over the blinds of the
  long street in which nobody knows his neighbor and everyone wishes to
  deceive him as to his income and social importance; is in effect broken up
  by school life; by out…of…door habits; and by frank neighborly intercourse
  through dances and concerts and theatricals and excursions and the like;
  families of four may turn out much less barbarous citizens than families of
  ten   which   attain   the   Boer   ideal   of   being   out   of   sight   of   one   another's
  chimney smoke。
  All one can say is; roughly; that the homelier the home; and the more
  familiar the family; the worse for everybody concerned。                 The family ideal
  is a humbug and a nuisance:            one might as reasonably talk of the barrack
  ideal; or the forecastle ideal; or any other substitution of the machinery of
  social organization for the end of it; which must always be the fullest and
  most   capable   life:    in   short;   the   most   godly   life。 And   this   significant
  word reminds us that though the popular conception of heaven includes a
  Holy   Family;   it   does   not   attach   to   that   family   the   notion   of   a   separate
  home; or   a   private nursery  or   kitchen or mother…in…law;  or   anything that
  constitutes     the   family    as   we   know     it。   Even     blood    relationship     is
  miraculously abstracted from it; and the Father is the father of all children;
  the mother the mother of all mothers and babies; and the Son the Son of
  Man   and   the   Savior   of   his   brothers:   one   whose   chief   utterance   on   the
  subject of the conventional family was an invitation to all of us to leave
  our families and follow him; and to leave the dead to bury the dead; and
  not debauch ourselves at that gloomy festival the family funeral; with its
  sequel of hideous mourning and grief which is either affected or morbid。
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  Family Mourning
  I do not know how far this detestable custom of mourning is carried in
  France; but judging from the appearance of the French people I should say
  that a Frenchwoman goes into mourning for her cousins to the seventeenth
  degree。     The   result   is   that   when   I   cross   the   Channel   I   seem   to   have
  reached a country devastated by war or pestilence。               It is really suffering
  only from the family。        Will anyone pretend that England has not the best
  of   this   striking   difference?     Yet    it  is  such   senseless   and    unnatural
  conventions   as   this   that   make   us   so   impatient   of   what   we   call   family
  feeling。    Even   apart   from   its   insufferable   pretensions;   the   family   needs
  hearty discrediting; for there is hardly any vulnerable part of it that could
  not be amputated with advantage。
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  Art Teaching
  By   art   teaching   I   hasten   to   say   that   I   do   not   mean   giving   children
  lessons     in   freehand    drawing      and   perspective。      I   am    simply    calling
  attention to the fact that fine art is the only teacher except torture。               I have
  already pointed out that nobody; except under threat of torture; can read a
  school   book。       The   reason   is   that   a   school   book   is   not   a   work   of   art。
  Similarly; you cannot listen to a lesson or a sermon unless the teacher or
  the preacher is an artist。        You cannot read the Bible if you have no sense
  of   literary   art。   The    reason    why    the   continental     European     is;  to  the
  Englishman or American; so surprisingly ignorant of the Bible; is that the
  authorized      English     version    is  a  great    work    of   literary   art;  and   the
  continental   versions   are   comparatively   artless。        To   read   a   dull   book;   to
  listen to a tedious play or prosy sermon or lecture; to stare at uninteresting
  pictures   or   ugly   buildings:     nothing;   short   of   disease;   is   more   dreadful
  than    this。   The    violence     done   to  our   souls   by   it  leaves   injuries   and
  produces      subtle   maladies     which    have    never   been    properly    studied    by
  psycho…pathologists。          Yet    we    are   so  inured    to   it  in  school;    where
  practically all the teachers are bores trying to do the work of artists; and all
  the   books   artless;   that   we   acquire   a   truly   frightful   power   of   enduring
  boredom。       We     even   acquire    the  notion   that   fine   art   is  lascivious  and
  destructive   to   the   character。    In   church;   in   the   House   of   Commons;   at
  public meetings; we sit solemnly listening to bores and twaddlers because
  from   the   time   we   could   walk   or   speak   we   have   been   snubbed;   scolded;
  bullied; beaten and imprisoned whenever we dared to resent being bored
  or twaddled at; or to express our natural impatience and derision of bores
  and twaddlers。        And when a man   arises with a soul of sufficient   native
  strength to break the bonds of this inculcated reverence and to expose and
  deride and tweak the noses of our humbugs and panjandrums; like Voltaire
  or Dickens; we are shocked and scandalized; even when we cannot help
  laughing。      Worse; we dread and persecute those who can see and declare
  the truth; because their sincerity and insight reflects on our delusion and
  blindness。      We are all like Nell Gwynne's footman; who defended Nell's
  reputation with his fists; not because he believed her to be what he called
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  an honest woman; but because he objected to be scorned as the footman of
  one who was no better than she should be。
  This wretched power of allowing ourselves to be bored may seem to
  give    the   fine   arts  a   chance    sometimes。       People     will   sit  through     a
  performance of Beethoven's ninth symphony or of