第 23 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9320
  conducted       by   ancient    traditional   methods;      without    any   possibility    of
  intelligent participation by the wage… earner; it were alive with the search
  for new methods and new inventions; filled with the spirit of freedom; and
  inviting the mental as well as the physical cooperation of those who do the
  work; it might become a joy instead of a weariness; and a source of health
  and life to those engaged in it。
  What is true of agriculture is said by Anarchists to be equally true of
  industry。 They maintain that if the great economic organizations which are
  now   managed   by   capitalists;   without   consideration   for   the   lives   of   the
  wage…earners   beyond   what   Trade   Unions   are   able   to   exact;   were   turned
  gradually into self…governing communities; in which the producers could
  decide all questions of methods; conditions; hours of work; and so forth;
  there would be an almost boundless change for the better: grime and noise
  might be nearly eliminated; the hideousness of industrial regions might be
  turned into beauty; the interest in the scientific aspects of production might
  become   diffused   among   all   producers   with   any   native   intelligence;   and
  something   of   the   artist's   joy   in   creation   might   inspire   the   whole   of   the
  work。 All this; which is at present utterly remote from the reality; might be
  produced   by   economic   self…government。   We   may   concede   that   by   such
  means a very large proportion of the necessary work of the world could
  ultimately be made sufficiently agreeable to be preferred before idleness
  even     by   men    whose     bare   livelihood    would     be   assured    whether     they
  worked or not。 As to the residue let us admit that special rewards; whether
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  in   goods   or   honors   or   privileges;   would   have   to   be   given   to   those   who
  undertook it。 But this need not cause any fundamental objection。
  There would; of course; be a certain proportion of the population who
  would prefer idleness。 Provided the proportion were small; this need not
  matter。     And    among      those   who     would     be   classed    as  idlers   might     be
  included   artists;   writers   of   books;   men   devoted   to   abstract   intellectual
  pursuitsin short; all those whom society despises while they are alive and
  honors when they are dead。 To such men; the possibility of pursuing their
  own   work   regardless   of   any   public   recognition   of   its   utility   would   be
  invaluable。 Whoever will observe how many of our poets have been men
  of    private    means     will   realize   how     much     poetic    capacity     must    have
  remained undeveloped through poverty; for it would be absurd to suppose
  that   the   rich   are   better   endowed   by   nature   with   the   capacity   for   poetry。
  Freedom for such men; few as they are; must be set against the waste of
  the mere idlers。
  So far; we have set forth the arguments in favor of the Anarchist plan。
  They  are;   to   my   mind;   sufficient   to   make   it   seem   possible   that   the   plan
  might succeed; but not sufficient to make it so probable that it would be
  wise to try it。
  The question of the feasibility of the Anarchist proposals in regard to
  distribution      is;  like  so   many    other    questions;     a  quantitative     one。   The
  Anarchist       proposals     consist    of   two    parts:   (1)   That   all   the   common
  commodities   should          be   supplied   ad   lib。   to   all   applicants;   (2)   That   no
  obligation to work; or economic reward for work; should be imposed on
  anyone。   These   two   proposals   are   not   necessarily   inseparable;   nor   does
  either     entail   the   whole     system     of  Anarchism;       though      without     them
  Anarchism        would     hardly     be   possible。    As    regards    the   first  of   these
  proposals;       it  can    be   carried    out    even    now     with    regard     to   some
  commodities;   and   it   could   be   carried   out   in   no   very   distant   future   with
  regard   to   many   more。   It   is   a   flexible   plan;   since   this   or   that   article   of
  consumption could be placed on the free list or taken of as circumstances
  might dictate。 Its advantages are many and various; and the practice of the
  world tends to develop in this direction。 I think we may conclude that this
  part of the Anarchists' system might well be adopted bit by bit; reaching
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  gradually the full extension that they desire。
  But as regards the second proposal; that there should be no obligation
  to   work;   and   no   economic   reward   for   work;   the   matter   is   much   more
  doubtful。  Anarchists   always   assume   that   if   their   schemes   were   put   into
  operation   practically   everyone   would   work;   but   although   there   is   very
  much   more   to   be  said   for  this   view   than   most   people   would   concede   at
  first sight; yet it is questionable whether there is enough to be said to make
  it true for practical purposes。 Perhaps; in a community where industry had
  become       habitual    through     economic      pressure;    public    opinion    might     be
  sufficiently   powerful   to   compel   most   men   to   work;'44'   but   it   is   always
  doubtful   how   far   such   a   state   of   things   would   be   permanent。   If   public
  opinion is to be really effective; it will be necessary to have some method
  of dividing the community into small groups; and to allow each group to
  consume   only   the   equivalent   of   what   it   produces。   This   will   make   the
  economic motive operative upon the group; which; since we are supposing
  it   small;   will   feel   that   its   collective   share   is   appreciably   diminished   by
  each   idle   individual。   Such   a   system   might   be   feasible;   but   it   would   be
  contrary to the whole spirit of Anarchism and would destroy the main lines
  of its economic system。
  '44' ‘‘As to the so…often repeated objection that nobody would labor
  if he were not compelled to do so by sheer necessity; we heard enough of
  it   before   the   emancipation   of   slaves   in   America;   as   well   as   before   the
  emancipation        of   serfs   in   Russia;   and   we   have   had   the   opportunity   of
  appreciating it at its just value。 So we shall not try to convince those who
  can   be   convinced   only   by   accomplished   facts。 As   to   those   who   reason;
  they ought to know that; if it really was so with some parts of humanity at
  its lowest stagesand yet; what do we know about it?or if it is so with
  some small communities; or separate individuals; brought to sheer despair
  by ill…success in their struggle against unfavorable conditions; it is not so
  with    the   bulk   of   the  civilized    nations。    With    us;  work    is  a  habit;   and
  idleness an artificial growth。'' Kropotkin; ‘‘Anarchist Communism;'' p。 30。
  The attitude of orthodox Socialism on this question is quite different
  from     that   of   Anarchism。'45'         Among      the   more     immediate       measures
  advocated in the ‘‘Communist Manifesto'' is ‘‘equal liability of all to labor。
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  Establishment         of   industrial    armies;     especially      for   agriculture。''    The
  Socialist     theory   is   that;  in  general;    work     alone   gives    the  right   to  the
  enjoyment of the produce of work。 To this theory there will; of course; be
  exceptions: the old and the very young; the infirm and those whose work
  is   temporarily      not    required    through     no    fault   of  their   own。     But   the
  fundamental conception of Socialism; in regard to our present question; is
  that   all   who   can   should   be   compelled   to   work;   either   by   the   threat   of
  starvation or by the operation of the criminal law。 And; of course; the only
  kind of work recognized will be such as commends itself to the authorities。
  Writing   books   against   Socialism;   or   against   any   theory  embodied   in   the
  government   of   the   day;   would   certainly   not   be   recognized   as   work。   No
  more would the   painting of   pictures in a different   style   from  that   of   the
  Royal Academy;   or   producing   plays   unpleasing   to   the   censor。 Any   new
  line   of   thought   would   be   banned;   unless   by   influence